Boundary Layer Flow and Heat Transfer of Micropolar Fluid over a Vertical Exponentially Stretched Cylinder
Abdul Rehman1, Razmak Bazai1, Sallahuddin Achakzai1, Saleem Iqbal1, Muhammad Naseer2
1Department of Mathematics, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan
2Department of Mathematics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
Email Eddress:
To cite this article:
Abdul Rehman, Razmak Bazai, Sallahuddin Achakzai, Saleem Iqbal, Muhammad Naseer. Boundary Layer Flow and Heat Transfer of Micropolar Fluid over a Vertical Exponentially Stretched Cylinder.Applied and Computational Mathematics.Vol.4, No. 6, 2015, pp. 424-430. doi: 10.11648/j.acm.20150406.15
Abstract: The current paper offers an analysis of the steady boundary layer flow and heat transfer of a non-Newtonian micropolar fluid flowing through a vertical exponentially stretching cylinder along its axial axis. The obtained system of nonlinear partial differential equations along with the appropriate boundary conditions is abridged to dimensionless form by means of the boundary layer estimates and a suitable similarity transformation. The subsequent nonlinear coupled system of ordinary differential equations subject to the appropriate boundary conditions is solved numerically with the help of Keller-box method. The effects of the involved parameters are presented through graphs. The allied physical features for the flow and heat transfer characteristics that is the skinfriction coefficient and Nusselt numbers are presented for different parameters.
Keywords: Boundary Layer Flow, Vertical Cylinder, Micropolar Fluid, Heat Dissipation, Keller-Box Method
1. Introduction
The fundamental idea about the micropolar fluid was given by Egingen [1] because the Newtonian fluid theory does not exhibits all the properties of some complex nature fluids like liquid crystals, suspensions containing micro size particles, lubricants are a few particular examples of micropolar fluids. The idea was to make use of the law of conservation of angular momentum along with the conservation of mass and linear momentum. In recent years many researchers have discussed the study of micropolar fluids for different geometries and various situations due to its real world applications. Rosali et al [2] have prescribed the behavior of micropolar fluids flowing towards a permeable stretching sheet immersed in a porous medium and the fluid flow was assumed to be effected via suction through the surface of the sheet. The problem of heat generation or absorption effects over the heat transfer and stagnation-point fluid flow of a micropolar fluid flowing over a stretching surface is presented by Attia [3]. His effort indicated that the micropolar fluid parameter effects over flow and heat transfer depends upon the stretching velocity magnitude. Further, Nazar et al [4] have analyzed the problem of unsteady, boundary layer, incompressible flow of a micropolar fluid over a stretching sheet. Moreover, Nadeem et al [5] have provided the analytical analysis of the problem of axisymmetric stagnation flow of a micropolar nanofluid in a moving cylinder. The fluid flow was assumed to be through the annular region between the two concentric cylinders. In another work, Nadeem et al [6] have inspected the influence of micropolar fluid flow in a vertical annulus. Few other interesting works concerning the micropolar fluid flow for different geometries are referred in [7-10].
Fluid flow over a cylinder that is stretched linearly along its axial direction has gained much attention in recent years. Bachok and Ishak [11] have tackled the problem of laminar flow of an incompressible viscous fluid flow over a stretching cylinder with prescribed surface heat flux. In a fresh attempt, Gang et al [12] have debated the problem of unsteady viscous fluid flowing over a stretching cylinder. In another work, Fag and Yao [13] have discussed the viscous swirling flow over a stretching cylinder. Recently, Wang [14] has communicated the influence of natural convection heat transfer over a vertical stretching cylinder. Few pertinent works concerning the boundary layer flow over stretching surfaces are cited in [15-21]. The determination of the contemporary effort is to provide a numerical solution for the flow of a non-Newtonian micropolar fluid flowing over a vertical cylinder that is stretched exponentially along the axial direction taking into account the dissipation effects. The numerical solutions are computed by applying the second order finite difference scheme, known as the Keller-box technique. The influence of involved parameters is graphed in the results and discussion section. The important physical features associated with the problem like the skinfriction coefficient and the local Nusselt numbers are discussed at the end.
2. Formulation
Consider the problem of mixed convection boundary layer flow of a viscous fluid flowing over a vertical circular cylinder of radius a. The cylinder is assumed to be stretching exponentially along the axial direction with velocity The temperature at the surface of the cylinder is assumed to be a constant
and the uniform ambient temperature is taken to be
such that the quantity
in case of the assisting flow, while
in case of the opposing flow, respectively. Under these assumptions the boundary layer equations of motion and heat transfer are
(2)
(4)
where the velocity components along the axes are
,
is density,
is the kinematic viscosity,
is pressure,
is the gravitational acceleration along the
direction,
is the coefficient of thermal expansion,
is the angular velocity,
is the micropolar parameter,
is the micropolar constant,
is the microrotation density,
is the temperature,
is the thermal diffusivity and
is the specific heat at constant pressure. The corresponding boundary conditions for the problem are
(5)
(6)
(7)
where is the fluid velocity at the surface of the cylinder.
3. Solution of the Problem
Introduce the following similarity transformations:
(8)
(9)
where the characteristic temperature difference is calculated from the relations With the help of transformations
and
,
to
take the form
(10)
(11)
(12)
in which is the Reynolds number,
is the micropolar parameter,
is the natural convection parameter, and
are the micropolar coefficients,
is the Prandtl number and
is the Eckert number. The boundary conditions in nondimensional form become
(13)
(14)
(15)
The important physical quantities such as the shear stress at the surface the skinfriction coefficient
the heat flux at the surface of the cylinder
and the local Nusselt number
are
(16)
(17)
The solution of subject to the boundary conditions
is obtained through the highly sufficient second order numerical scheme called the Keller-box technique. To develop the technique, the system of differential equations
along with the boundary conditions
is converted into a first order differential system by choosing
(18)
the resulting system can be stated now as
(19)
(20)
(21)
with the boundary conditions
(22)
(23)
(24)
Further details of the numeric solution can be found in references [22-25]. The detailed discussion about the obtained numeric solutions is presented in the next section.
4. Results and Discussion
The present work is an effort to provide a numerical scheme that gives the solution of the problem of natural convection boundary layer flow of a non-Newtonian micropolar fluid flowing over a vertical cylinder that is stretched exponentially along its axial axis. The numerical solutions of the problem are computed using the second order implicit finite difference scheme called the Keller-box method. The influence of the involved parameters is presented both graphically and in tabulated form in this section. The solutions are computed for both strong concentration and weak concentration
of the angular velocity at the surface of the stretching cylinder.
displays the influence of velocity profile
for different combinations of Reynolds numbers
and the micropolar parameter
for fixed values of the other parameters. The solutions in
are curved for strong concentration case and the range of Reynolds numbers is chosen up to
(such high values of
corresponds to turbulent flows). From
, it clicks that with the increase in
the velocity profile decreases whereas with increase in
the velocity profile increases.
is graphed to observe the impact of natural convection parameter
and the Eckert number
From
it is observed that with increase in both
and
the velocity profile increases. This strengthen the observation that enhanced natural convection parameter
requires higher density difference in fluid that in return requests increase in fluid velocity. It is also noticed from
that the influence of natural convection parameter is more significant for higher values of Eckert numbers.
conveys the behavior of velocity profile
plotted for different values of micropolar parameter
for both the strong and weak concentration cases. From
it is noticed that the velocity profile
has larger values for strong concentration as compared with the weak concentration situation. The pattern adopted by the non-dimensional angular velocity profile
is presented for strong concentration in
for different combinations of involved parameters.
gives the impact of micropolar parameter
and natural convection parameter
over the micropolar velocity profile
From
it is noted that with increase in both
and
the micropolar velocity profile
decreases.
predicts the impact of micropolar coefficient
and the Reynolds numbers
for the micropolar velocity
From
it is witnessed that with increase in the micropolar velocity profile increases, whereas with increase in
the micropolar velocity profile
decreases. The imprint of micropolar parameter
Eckert numbers
and Prandtl numbers
over the non-dimensional micropolar velocity function is portrayed in
for the weak concentration case.
inculcates the imprint of micropolar velocity for different pairs of the micropolar parameter
and the Eckert numbers
From
it is observed that with increase in both
and
the angular velocity profile decreases. It is also noticed from
that the influence of
is significant for large values of the Eckert numbers
is sketched to observe the impact of Prandtl numbers
up to
over the micropolar velocity profile
From
it is observed that with increase in
the angular velocity profile decreases. The behavior of non-dimensional velocity profile is plotted in
for different combinations of Prandtl numbers, Eckert numbers, Reynolds numbers and micropolar parameter.
contains the curves predicting the influence of
and
over the temperature profile
From
it is noted that with increase in both
and
the temperature profile decreases.
shows the impact of
and
over the temperature profile
for Reynolds numbers up to
. From
it is observed that with increase in both
and
the temperature profile and the thermal boundary layer thickness decays. The behavior of skinfriction coefficient
for different Prandtl numbers and Reynolds numbers is shown in
plotted against micropolar parameter
From the observed graph it is noted that with increase in all
and
the skinfriction coefficient increases. The pattern adopted by the local Nusselt numbers
for different Eckert numbers and Reynolds numbers curved against Prandtl numbers is presented in
From
it is observed that with increase in all the
and
the local Nusselt numbers increases.
shows the streamlines for the fluid flow sketched in the
plane graphed for different
The decaying pattern observed is slower for small values of
Fig. 1. Influence of Reynolds numbers over velocity profile
for different
.
Fig. 2. Influence of natural convection parameter over velocity profile
for different
.
The behavior of boundary derivatives for velocity, microrotation and temperature profiles is presented in The values are computed at the surface of the stretching cylinder.
contains the values of the boundary derivatives for velocity profile that corresponds to the shear stress at the surface of the cylinder
From
it is noticed that with increase in the shear stress at the surface decreases, whereas with increase in Reynolds numbers shear stress increases. The computed vales of shear stress are larger for strong concentration as compared with the weak concentration situation.
is prepared for the boundary derivatives of the micropolar velocity profile calculated for different values of the involved parameters. From
it is seen that with increase in
and
the boundary derivatives increases.
shows the behavior of surface heat flux
computed for different values of the involved parameters. From
it is clear that with increase in
increases, whereas with increase in
and
heat flux at the surface decreases.
Fig. 3. Influence of micropolar parameter over velocity profile
for different
Fig. 4. Influence of micropolar parameter over angular velocity profile
for different
.
Fig. 5. Influence of micropolar parameter over angular velocity profile
for different
.
Fig. 6. Influence of micropolar parameter over angular velocity profile
for different
with
.
Fig. 7. Influence of micropolar parameter over angular velocity profile
with
.
Fig. 8. Influence of Prandtl numbers over temperature profile
for different
Fig. 9. Influence of Reynolds numbers over temperature profile
for different
Fig. 10. Influence of and
over
against
for
Fig. 11. Influence of and
over
against
for
.
Fig. 12. Stream lines pattern for in the
plane.
Fig. 13. Stream lines pattern for in the
plane.
Table 1. Absolute values of the boundary derivatives corresponding to the behavior of shear stress at the surface of the cylinder for different values of the involved parameters when .
f´´(1) | |||||||||
K\Re | 0.2 | 0.5 | 1 | 5 | 15 | 50 | 100 | 200 | |
n = 0 | 0.00 | 0.9516 | 1.0148 | 1.1183 | 1.8106 | 2.9470 | 5.2398 | 7.3312 | 10.2564 |
0.25 | 0.9464 | 0.9980 | 1.0845 | 1.6952 | 2.7339 | 4.8464 | 6.7754 | 9.4741 | |
0.50 | 0.9474 | 0.9906 | 1.0645 | 1.6105 | 2.5714 | 4.5436 | 6.3475 | 8.8726 | |
1.00 | 0.9571 | 0.9891 | 1.0454 | 1.4943 | 2.3351 | 4.0965 | 5.7144 | 7.9828 | |
1.50 | 0.9702 | 0.9952 | 1.0399 | 1.4187 | 2.1686 | 3.7742 | 5.2566 | 7.3383 | |
2.00 | 0.9839 | 1.0040 | 1.0405 | 1.3661 | 2.0434 | 3.5263 | 4.9035 | 6.8404 | |
n = 0.5 | 0.00 | 0.9516 | 1.0148 | 1.1183 | 1.8106 | 2.9470 | 5.2398 | 7.3312 | 10.2564 |
0.25 | 0.9682 | 1.0199 | 1.1066 | 1.7180 | 2.7573 | 4.8704 | 6.7997 | 9.4987 | |
0.50 | 0.9854 | 1.0290 | 1.1033 | 1.6503 | 2.6127 | 4.5859 | 6.3902 | 8.9158 | |
1.00 | 1.0182 | 1.0511 | 1.1083 | 1.5602 | 2.4025 | 4.1652 | 5.7836 | 8.0525 | |
1.50 | 1.0476 | 1.0736 | 1.1197 | 1.5026 | 2.2544 | 3.8613 | 5.3443 | 7.4263 | |
2.00 | 1.0737 | 1.0949 | 1.1330 | 1.4637 | 2.1431 | 3.6273 | 5.0049 | 6.9423 |
Table 2. Absolute values of the boundary derivatives of the angular velocity at the surface of the cylinder for different values of the involved parameters when .
M´(1) | |||||||
λ\K | 0.25 | 0.5 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 10 | |
n = 0 | 0.1 | 0.1221 | 0.2493 | 0.5104 | 1.0338 | 2.4761 | 4.4324 |
0.2 | 0.1251 | 0.2542 | 0.5177 | 1.0433 | 2.4874 | 4.4434 | |
0.5 | 0.1324 | 0.2667 | 0.5372 | 1.0700 | 2.5202 | 4.4758 | |
1.0 | 0.1416 | 0.2832 | 0.5643 | 1.1095 | 2.5722 | 4.5286 | |
2.0 | 0.1554 | 0.3086 | 0.6078 | 1.1768 | 2.6682 | 4.6303 | |
5.0 | 0.1858 | 0.3648 | 0.7066 | 1.3369 | 2.9179 | 4.9122 | |
n = 0.5 | 0.1 | 3.1257 | 3.3433 | 3.7506 | 4.4943 | 6.3981 | 8.9317 |
0.2 | 3.1662 | 3.3789 | 3.7801 | 4.5177 | 6.4154 | 8.9455 | |
0.5 | 3.2689 | 3.4715 | 3.8595 | 4.5833 | 6.4660 | 8.9863 | |
1.0 | 3.4051 | 3.5977 | 3.9721 | 4.6810 | 6.5459 | 9.0526 | |
2.0 | 3.6175 | 3.7981 | 4.1568 | 4.8490 | 6.6932 | 9.1799 | |
5.0 | 4.0974 | 4.2525 | 4.5821 | 5.2508 | 7.0752 | 9.5312 |
Table 3. Behavior of heat flux at the surface of the cylinder for different values of the involved parameters when .
-ϴ´(1) | ||||||
K\Pr | 0.2 | 0.72 | 7 | 10 | 20 | |
Ec = 0.25 | 0.0 | 3.4686 | 3.3457 | 2.0113 | 1.4588 | 0.0701 |
0.5 | 3.5528 | 3.4466 | 2.2707 | 1.7711 | 0.3452 | |
1.0 | 3.6083 | 3.5131 | 2.4437 | 1.9812 | 0.6321 | |
1.5 | 3.6478 | 3.5603 | 2.5682 | 2.1335 | 0.8447 | |
2.0 | 3.6775 | 3.5958 | 2.6625 | 2.2495 | 1.0095 | |
5.0 | 3.7676 | 3.7033 | 2.9520 | 2.6092 | 1.5372 | |
Ec = 0.50 | 0.0 | 3.4211 | 3.1881 | 0.7940 | 0.0702 | 0.0098 |
0.5 | 3.5118 | 3.3100 | 1.1594 | 0.3452 | 0.1412 | |
1.0 | 3.5715 | 3.3901 | 1.4079 | 0.6321 | 0.4479 | |
1.5 | 3.6141 | 3.4472 | 1.5898 | 0.8448 | 0.6251 | |
2.0 | 3.6460 | 3.4900 | 1.7293 | 1.0096 | 0.9395 | |
5.0 | 3.7429 | 3.6197 | 2.1676 | 1.5371 | 1.3104 |
References