Environmental Changes and Fisherman Welfare in Coastal Area of Kendari Bay

The research objective is to assess the changes in coastal area of Kendari Bay and to describe fisherman welfare in Kendari Bay. The study conducted in May-June 2016 in coastal area of Kendari Bay. The research location was determined purposively. Research population included the head of the family of fisherman who lived in coastal area of Kendari Bay for 4,077 households, and 150 families was purposively chosen. The data analyzed using descriptive analysis, income analysis and welfare analysis. Based on research results, coastal area of Kendari Bay environment is threatened by land conversion and high sedimentation which leads to environmental change and implicate the marine and fisheries resources, so the fisherman have to adapt and look for new fishing ground area which may affect their income. Fisherman welfare is specifically affected by fishery resources in coastal area of Kendari Bay.


Introduction
Fisher communities is strongly dependent on coastal environment as the condition of coastal environment will have direct impact on their lives. It is associated with fishery resources that exist in the region, such as shrimp, fish, crab and oyster which are susceptible to both anthropogenic and naturalistic interferences. It establishes reciprocal relationship or relationship between man and nature [1]. A phenomenon illustrating this condition is environmental changes occurred in coastal area of Kendari Bay.
Kendari Bay is one of the coastal areas with estuarine ecosystems with total area of ± 19.05 km 2 [2]. The formation of Kendari city closely related with the opening of Kendari port which becomes a significant aspect in the development of coastal region of Kendari with the total area of 165,785 km 2 [3].
Kendari Bay acts as the gateway and transportation hub for the mobility of human and goods and also used as a public place for the community. It features with several public facilities such as public ports for goods and human between the islands, Pertamina port, fishing port, local transportation (motorboat), industrial area (12,387 business units consist of small, medium and large industries), travel agent, rowing sport, boat moorings, scientific activity/research, landing sites/fish market, the activities of farming and fishing, and several other activities (cultivation area) [4], [5], [6].
Kendari Bay is also an estuary of 13 rivers with three large estuary: Wanggu, Kambu, and Lahundape river estuary. Some rivers and watersheds, including Wanggu, which leads into the Kendari Bay poses damage threat especially with high economic activity in the region as well as the development that focuses in the coastal areaof the Bay.
The development in coastal area is aimed at improving fisherman welfare, so they should gain economic benefit from the development. Economic benefits in coastal area encourages the development of infrastructure around Kendari Bay. However, economic benefits around Kendari Bay causes sedimentation which increased from 1084285.7 m 3 in 1960 to 55,304,766.7 m 3 in 2010 with sedimentation rate of 54.220.481m 3. Sedimentation is caused by 89% infrastructure development, 1.9% waste sedimentation and 9.2% soil erosion sedimentation [2]. Further, [7] the shallowing of Kendari Bayis caused by sedimentation as the result of development activities (anthropogenic erosion), soil erosion in the Watershed of Kendari Bay and waste sedimentation. In 2000, the shallowing occurred in Kendari Bay for 760,040 m 3 , in which 571,487 m 3 (75.2%) was caused by sedimentation from development activities, 148,466 m 3 (19.5%) caused by sedimentation from erosion in the catching area, and 40,087 m 3 (5.3%) is due to waste sedimentation. Waste sediment is generated from industrial and domestic wastes and other sediments which cause turbidity and impact marine ecosystems as well as impose damage to the coastal ecosystems of Kendari Bay.
The above conditions impact fishing activities, especially related to the utilization of fishery resource. This resource decreases with the increase in sedimentation in Kendari Bay, including shrimp, fish and crabs. Consequently, the fisherman find it difficult to fulfill their needs. That situation raises questions about the impact of environmental change on fisherman's income and welfare. Research objectives include determining the environmental changes in coastal area of Kendari Bay and assessing fisherman welfare in the coastal area of Kendari Bay.

Time and Place
The study was conducted in May-June 2016 in the coastal area of Kendari Bay. The research location was determined purposively in accordance with research object on environmental change of Kendari Bay. The location is chosen because most of the population work as fisher.

Research Population and Sample
Research population include the head of the family of fisherman who lived in coastal area of Kendari Bay for 4,077 families [8]. They depend their liveson the exploitation of coastal area of Kendari Bay. The determination of number of samples used [9] (1) Where: n = Number of samples N = Number of population e = error tolerance (8%) Based on the calculation using Slovin formula, the total research sample was 150 families. Research sampling conducted purposively, with the criteria: heads of fisherman families who had settled there for more than 10 years, aged more than 17 years, and married.

Data Types and Sources
The data used in this study include primary and secondary data. Primary data collected directly from fisherman in the field and secondary data obtained from the documentation and publication of the results of the observation

Data Collection Technique
Data collection technique is the way to obtain the necessary data. Data collection technique is influenced by data types and sources. Data research is based on the interview using questionnaire.

Descriptive Analysis and Revenue Analysis
Explorative descriptive analysis used to interpret secondary data into a translated description. [10] Explorative descriptive research aims to describe the state or the status of a phenomenon. This analysis is used to explore environmental changes occurred in coastal area of Kendari Bay and its impact to fishermen's income. Revenue analysis is conducted by using the formulation [11] I = TR -TC Where:

Welfare Analysis
One of the important factors to assess the impact of environmental change on fisherman is the level of welfare [1]. There are several welfare standards commonly used in Indonesia, including the standard issued by World Bank and BPS. World Bank sets the revenue of USD 1/capita/day as the lowest absolute poverty line. Absolute poverty refers to the inability of a person to meet minimum needs of life [12] According to BPS, poverty standard can be observed from various approaches. One of them is revenue approach, in which a person is considered as poor if his income is under specific threshold. Poverty threshold of Kendari according to BPS is IDR 255.229/capita/month [3].

Overview of Research Location
Kendari Bay is located in the capital of Southeast Sulawesi province as one of the coastal areas with estuaries ecosystem with total area of ±19.05 km 2 [2]. Kendari Bay has become an important port as it becomes the center of economic development in coastal area of Kendari Bay. It also determines the formation of Kendari, which adjacent with six districts and there are 45 urban villages which have the total area of 165.785 km 2 with the population of 207.577 people and the number is constantly increasing [3] Kendari Bay also is the estuary of 13 rivers, three of them are major rivers: river estuary Wanggu, river estuary Kambu, and river estuary Lahundape, and ten minor rivers: Benu-Benua, Mandonga, Sodoha, Tipulu, Wua-Wua, Kemaraya, Anggoeya and Kampung Salo [5], [2], [13].
As other regions in Indonesia, Kendari only have two seasons: dry and rainy season. The season is influenced by wind direction blowing over the region. According to data of Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics of Kendari Maritime Meteorology Station, in 2014, rain occurred in 172 days with rainfall rate of 2.263,6 mm and 2.102,6 hours of solar system. The air temperature is influenced by various factors. The difference in sea level, mountain areas and coastal areas result in temperature difference for each place in a region. Overall, the city of Kendari is an area with tropical temperature. According to data of Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics of Kendari Maritime Meteorology Station, during 2014, the maximum average of air temperature was 31.8°C and the minimum average of air temperature 23.4°C. The air pressure average was 1.010,5 millibars with humidity average of 82 percent. The average wind speed during 2014 reached 5.60 knots [3]

Demographic and Socioeconomic Condition
According to Table 1, the number of residents in the district is directly adjacent to Kendari Bay has increased, with the average population growth of 3.51%. The people live and settle in that region due to land conversion of aquaculture area into residential area. Source: [3], [14], [15], [16] According to Table 1, the highest number of residents in the district directly adjacent to Kendari Bay in 2015 was in West Kendari districts for 49,729 in habitants and the lowest was in Abeli districts for 25,991 people. While the number of family with main occupation as farmer/fisher living in the district directly adjacent to Kendari Bay in 2013 can be seen in Table 2 below: Source: [15] In particular, data on the fisher household who settle along the coastal area of Kendari Bay is not available. However, based on the agricultural census [8], the number of family with main occupation as farmer/fishermen living in the district directly adjacent to Kendari Bay was 7,098 households. Compare with the results of agricultural census in 2013, there was a decline in the number of family with main occupation as farmer/fishermen into 4,077 households with the highest number was in District Abeli for 1,881 households and the lowest was in Kambu districts and West Kendari districts, respectively 196 and 367 households, with the cutback of 3,021 households (42.56%)

Environmental Change in Kendari Bay and Fisherman Income
Coastal area of Kendari Bay is an area surrounding Kendari Bay with the length of 3.75 km 2 [2]. [17] Based on imaging data of Ikonos satellite image of Kendari recorded in 2003, it appears that the coastal area of Kendari Bay is dominated by ponds and mangrove that surround the coast, particularly the coast in the south side of the city.
However, based on imaging data of Quick Bird satellite recorded in 2009, it appears that in some locations, there have been changes in land use of mangroves and ponds areas into business center. In addition, there was also land conversion of mangrove area into residential area. The changes in land cover will cause negative impact on society and the environment. The loss of mangrove vegetation will cause a reduction in fishing communities as a source of income, as mangrove area is usually used for fish, shrimp and crab spawn (Jaya, 2013).
Based on land cover data in 2003, the most dominant settlement area located in the northern part of the bay, that is in Kendari districts and West Kendari districts. Similarly, primary and secondary forest areas were also located in the region. The area of ponds and mangrove forests were dominant in the south of Kendari Bay. Based on the analysis of the land cover map in 2009 compare with the land cover map of 2003, the value of land cover changed, as it explained in Table 3  Source: [17] Based on Table 3, land cover had changed significantly in the coastal area of Kendari Bay between 2003 and 2009. The biggest decline on pond areas occurred for 205.50 ha and land cover of mangroves decreased by 56.57 ha and primary forest decreased for 3.28 ha. On the other hand, there was an extent on land cover in coastal area of Kendari Bay, in which housing area have increased to 292 ha, there by increased the swamp area into 68.31 ha due to accumulation of coastal area of Kendari Bay for housing area.
Kendari Bay is susceptible to pollution. This condition is much influenced by semi-closed form of the bay, and all land activities will be directed towards the inner side of Kendari Bay coast. The absence of sewer leading towards the sea the coastal area of Kendari Bay cause pollutant storage in the form of beach sediment. Sources of water pollution can be identified from variety of sources including fishing industry, public ports, fishing ports, hotel waste, hospital waste, household waste, mining and other activities. Furthermore, activities through out the watershed towards Kendari Bay and the activities of sea transportation and fisherman.
The area of Kendari Bay has been shrinking rapidly within the last 50 years and facing serious problems that could threaten its long-term survival and function, as presented in Table 4. Based on Table 4 meters, then turned into a land with the area of 923.4 hectares, so that the water area of the Kendari Bay will be only 197.1 hectares. Further, it is predicted that in 24 years, the depth will be 1-10 meter then turned into a land with the area of 1091.1 hectares, so the rest of Kendari Bay area will be 18.8 hectares.
According [7], Kendari Bay shallowing is caused by: (1) sedimentation caused by construction activities, (2) sedimentation cause by soil erosion in Bay Watershed, and (3) sedimentation of garbage. Further, according [19],75% of bay damage is caused by development activities and the shallowing of Kendari Bay is caused by sedimentation derived from the construction of road infrastructure. Meanwhile, according [18] the shallowing of Kendari Bay mainly caused by land clearing activities in 1978-1995, the time when transmigrant worked with intensive agriculture without conducting soil conservation for the local population. Further, [18] explained that spontaneous transmigration program from South Sulawesi province and Ladongi districts Kolaka by converting forest into cocoa plantation/agroforestry in the upstream of Wanggu watershed also causing bay shallowing. The phenomena is also caused by bad habit maintained by Kendari people, as in general, they usually throw garbage into the Bay because during 1960-1995 there had been no garbage waste management, even waste transportation system was limited. Sedimentation is the main reason of Kendari Bay shallowing, which derived from the beach reclamation in 1985-1995 and development of road infrastructure, Baypass road surrounding Kendari Bay area and the construction of new roads in the city of Kendari intensively and Baypass road along Wanggu river side, which connects Kendari with Wolter Monginsi airport (now called the Halu Oleo airport). Moreover, sand mining in the middle and downstream of Wanggu and Kambu rivers continues for the establishment of bridge infrastructure, drainage and housing in the area of Wanggu watershed.
Land conversion and sedimentation in Kendari Bay also cause changes in water quality on Kendari Bay. The measurement result of water parameters in Kendari Bay at three points (station) shows that the water quality parameters at three stations exceed the permitted environmental standards in 2000, 2003 and 2010. It indicates that water quality in Kendari Bay has undergone environmental pollution. Water quality at three measuring stations in Kendari Bay described in Table 5.  [20] Environmental pollution in Kendari Bay as the result of land conversion and sedimentation causea decrease in biodiversity and abundance of fish found in the Bay of Kendari. According [7], the shallowing of Kendari Bay results in the decrease of the biodiversity and fish availability. Several kinds fish found living in the habitat of Kendari Bay such as baronang, kembung, selar, layang, ekor kuning, ternbang, pisang-pisang, teri, julung-julung, shrimp and crabs are getting more difficult to be found by fishermen in coastal area of Kendari Bay.
The difficulties experienced by the fisherman to get fish in Kendari Bay directly affects their income. Income is the difference between revenue and all expenses incurred during the fishing activity. The income earned by fisherman of Kendari Coast in a month can be observed in Table 6.  Table 6 shows the average of fishermen income in each fishing operation is IDR 3,748,200/month, while the average total cost in each fishing operation is IDR 2.369.730,-/month, so that the average fisherman monthly income in coastal area of Kendari Bay is IDR 1.378.470,-/month. Land conversion and sedimentation have caused fisherman to move the catchment area to respond the decreasing number of fish in Kendari Bay, and it boosts the operational cost.

Fisherman Welfare Analysis
One of the important factors to assess the impact of environmental change on fisherman is welfare. Environmental changes contribute to the fisherman welfare. Previous research has revealed the relationship of environmental change with difficulty to finding some kinds of fish in Kendari Bay, as well as the decline in the catch, which therefore contributes to social and economic indicators: fishermen income rate. Based on survey result in 2013, fisherman income is below farmer income and the minimum wage of Kendari; as the average of farmer income is IDR 1,800,000/month and city minimum wage is IDR 2,000,000. On the other hand, according to welfare standards issued by World Bank, a person is considered to be poor with the income of less than USD1/capita/day. Based on the exchange rate of IDR to USD in 2016, USD 1 is IDR14,500, so the average per capita of the respondents income was IDR45.949/capita/day or USD3.2/capita/day.
Based on the measurement, the fishermen in coastal area of Kendari Bay is still above the threshold of poverty, it can be observed in Figure 1. Meanwhile, using poverty standard by BPS Kendari, the result shows IDR 255,229/per capita/month [3], indicating that the average fishing income is above the limit line. Based on Table 6, the average income of respondents based on survey results is IDR 1,378,470/capita/month. Thus, despite the difficulty to get fish due to land conversion and sedimentation which affects fishermen's income, but the welfare is above the poverty threshold.

Conclusion
Based the research results it can be inferred that coastal area of Kendari Bay is threatened by land conversion and sedimentation which leads to high environmental change and have major implications for the marine and fisheries sources. It causes the fisherman to adapt and look for new catchment area, and it affects their fishing income, while welfare level of fisherman is specifically influenced by fishery resources in coastal area of Kendari Bay, and the welfare level of fisherman is relatively good.