GC/GC-MS Analysis, Isolation and Identification of Bark Essential Oil Components from Cinnamomum culilawan, Blume

The essentials oils (EO) in Cinnamomum culilawan bark have been isolated by steam distillation and evaluated by GC/GC-MS, IR and NMR methods. The GC/GC-MS analysis identified 12 compounds. The major components are eugenol (66.477%), safrole (12.432%) and methyleugenol (6.972%). Repeated purification of the two main compounds yielded eugenol (51.66%), and safrole (6.71%).


Introduction
The lawang tree, Cinnamomum culilawan (Lauraceae), grows naturally in Moluccas Islands, and west Papua, East Indonesia [1,2]. The local name of this tree in Moluccas Islands is lawang; the trunk of tree can grow as high as 12-20 meters, on altitudes of 300 m above sea level. The culilawan oil is produced through steam distillation of the tree bark and the oil of culilawan is usually used as a pain killer for aches and pains in Moluccas Islands. Also, the lawang bark extract is used for tradisional medicine such as tooth aches, muscular pains and stomach aches in Papua [3]. While many plants from some genera have been studied and some even commercially explored for essential oils, some of those are Cinnamomum sintoc [4,5], Cinnamomum carolinense [6] and Cinnamomum bodinieri [7], the species Cinnamomum culilawan has been rarely investigated. Isolation of safrole from culilawan oil from other places in West Seram, Moluccas and Papua has been reported [8,9], but the chemical constituent of this oil not presented in those papers yet.
This paper reports results of chemical composition of culilawan oil obtained from original trees grown in Ambon Island.

Materials
The barks of lawang three were collected from Allang Village, Ambon Island, Moluccas in January 2016 and were deposited in the Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Pattimura University, Ambon. The raw material was air-dried until constant weight and chopped into small pieces.

Isolation of Essential Oil from Bark of Cinnamomum culilawan, Bl
The dry plant material (2.0 kg) from bark of Cinnamomum culilawan was steam-distilled using conventional steam distiller for 6 hours to obtain the essential oil. The essential oil were then dried by anhydrous sodium sulfate (Na 2 SO 4 ) and cool-stored in brown bottle for further analysis.

Gas Chromatography (GC) Analysis
GC analysis of the culilawan oil was performed on a Shimadzu QP-2010, equipped with a FID and Rtx-5 using a fused silica capillary column (30 m x 0.25 mm ID, film thickness 1.0 µm). Oven temperature was from 60°C for 5 minutes and programmed heating from 60 to 180°C at a rate of 20°C for 5 minutes, and from 280°C for 4 minutes, injector temperature 270°C, detector temperature 280°C, pressure of carrier nitrogen gas at inlet 7 psi, split 20 and volume was 0.5µL.

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)
GC-MS analyses of bark culilawan oil were performed using Shimadzu QP-2010 Plus at 70 eV and 320°C with auto sampler, system equipped with Rtx-5 fused silica capillary column (30 m x 0.25 mm ID, film thickness 1.0 µm). Oven temperature was from 60°C for 5 minutes, then programmed heating from 60 to 220°C at a rate of 10°C for 5 minutes, and from 280°C for 4 min, injector temperature 270°C. The carrier gas was helium at flow rate of 1.40 mL/min. Spectra were scanned from 40 to 600 m/z, split ratio 20, ion source temperature 225°C. The spectrum of the unknown component was compared with that of known components stored in the Wiley 7 library. Name, molecular weight and structure of the component of the test materials were ascertained.

Isolation of Two Main Components from Cullilawan Oil
In a 500 mL flask, NaOH (20.0 g), aquades (150 mL) and culilawan oil (100.0 g) were chargedand the mixture were strired until forming two layers. The upper layer (A) was separated from the bottom layer (B). The upper layer was extracted with 25 mL NaOH 20% and aquous layer was combined to bottom layer (B). The organic layer (A) was washed with water until neutral and dried with Na 2 SO 4 anhydrous and the residue was distilled under reduced pressure at 15 mmHg/120°C. The bottom layer (B) was acidified with HCl 20% until pH reached 3 and extracted twice with 100 mL petroleum eter. The organic layer was washed until neutral and dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 . After removing the petroleum ether, the residue was distilled under reduced pressure at 15 mmHg/140°C. The purity of compounds was tested by GC and the elucidation of the structures employed FTIR, 1 H-NMR, 13 C-NMR and GC-MS methods.

Performance of Bark Essential Oil of Cinnamomun culilawan, Bl.
The bark essential oils of C. culilawan was distilled from dry plant material on equipment of the steam distillation. Culilawan oil obtained from steam-distillation revealed that oil from the bark have a yield of 4.12% w/w. a) Concentration of compounds base on GC-FIDpeaks (see Figure 1) and the isolated of compounds were highlighted in bold face. b) Identified by FTIR, 1 H-NMR, 13 C-NMR and MS

Chemical Composition of Bark Essential Oil of Cinnamomun culilawan
The essential oil, Bl was analyzed by GC and GC-MS. Twelve components were identified and quantified, as shown in Table 1, according to their elution order on the Rtx-5 column. The major components are safrole (12.432%), eugenol (66.477%) and methyleugenol (6.972%), (Figure 1, Table 1).
The minor constituents of the oil included the monoterpenes hydrocarbon (5.592%), oxygenated monoterpenes (7.934%). Between the minor constituents of the oil, the oxygenated monoterpenes linalool (4.852%) and 1,8-cineol (2.431%) were the most representatives, totaling other 7.283% of the oil. The phenylpropanoid compounds Hanoch Julianus Sohilait and Healthy Kainama: GC/GC-MS Analysis, Isolation and Identification of Bark Essential Oil Components from Cinnamomum culilawan, Blume (86.473%) with myristicin did at low concentration (0.592%). Due to very limited amount of published data on Cinnamomun culilawan, Bl essential oil, it is difficult to compare results of this study with essential oil composition of plant grown in other countries.

Isolation of Two Main Components from Culilawan Oil
The percent contents of the EO were determined on the basis of their FID responses upon GC (Figure 1). Eugenol (1) was the major component (66.477%) of the EO (Figure 1, Table 1) followed by Safrole (12.432%), and methyleugenol (6.972%).

Figure 1. GC-FID peaks for% oil and the structure for isolated compounds (1 and 2) from the bark essential oil of Cinnamomun culilawan.
The isolation of eugenol (1) from culilawan oil is effected by using sodium hydroxide solution to obtain sodium eugenolate followed by regeneration with 20% hydrochloric acid. The mixture was extracted with petroleum ether and the solution was washed with water until neutral and dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 . After removing the petroleum ether, the residue was distilled under reduced pressure at 15 mmHg/140°C yield (51.66%). Spectrum IR (cm The spectral data matched that given in a previous report [10]. The Infra-red spectrum of eugenol (1) showed absorption band in the 3475 cm -1 (-OH), in the region 2976 cm -1 which is the absorption Csp 3 -H, this was confirmed by the appearance of absorption at 1432 cm -1 for -CH 2 -(methylene). The range of C=C aliphatic absorption appeared at 1638 cm -1 , absorption at 1613 cm -1 for C=C aromatic and supported by absorption at 2976-2842 cm -1 which is absorption band for =Csp 2 table 1).
The upper layer containing safrole (2) was processed as follows; the solution was washed with water until neutral followed by drying over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 . After removing petroleum ether, the residue was distilled under reduced pressure15 mmHg/120°Cyield (6.71%). Spectrum IR (cm The spectral data matched that given in a previous report [11,12]. The Infra red spectrum of safrole (2) showed absorption band in the region 2977cm -1 which is the absorption Csp3-H. This was confirmed by the appearance of absorption at 1432 cm -1 for -CH 2 -(methylene). Untake range of C=C aliphatic absorption appeared at 1639 cm -1 , absorption at 1608 cm -1 for C=C aromatic and supported by absorption at 2977-2842 cm -1 which is absorption band for =Csp 2 -H (aliphatic/aromatic). Absorption band at 1246 cm -1 and 1034 cm -1 region showed the range of C-O-C (ether). The 1 H-NMR spectrum, signal doublet at 3.33 ppm (-CH 2 -, J = 6.4Hz) and signal multiplet at 6.00 ppm (-CH=, J = 6.4Hz), signal singlet at 5.95 ppm of one methylenedioxy group. The 13 C-NMR spectrum showed 10 nonequivalent carbon resonances and the MS spectrum showed a molecular ion peak [M+.] at m/z 162, C 10 H 10 O 2 (see table 1). The high concentration of eugenol in bark essential oil of Cinnamomun culilawan makes it potentially useful for the preparation of herbal and modern medicines because they exhibit antibacterial, antifungal, antiinflammatory, insecticidal and antioxidant activities [11][12][13][14][15].

Conclusions
The chemical composition of essential oil from Cinnamomun culilawan, Bl, was obtained from steam distillation method, and its chemical composition was determined by GC and GC-MS. The result indicated that the essential oil is mainly phenylpropanoid compound (86.473%), the minor compounds are oxygenated monoterpenes (7.934%) and monoterpenes hydrocarbon (5.592%). The purification of the two main compounds yielded eugenol (51.66%), and safrole (6.71%).