Separation of Angular Momentum

In this paper we speak about angular momentum, we have shown that the separation of the total angular momentum of the electromagnetic field into its orbital and spin parts. It is dictated by quantum mechanics of photons reproduces. Therefore, the results are derived from the proprieties of Fourier and Maxwell fields by Darwin, with the correspondence results that derived heuristically by many authors.


Introduction
Darwin's theory of evolution is the widely held notion that all life is related and has descended from a common ancestor. Darwin's general theory presumes the development of life from non-life and stresses a purely naturalistic. That is complex creatures evolve from more simplistic ancestors naturally over time. In this work, we will review the work done by Iwo Bialynicki-Birula1 and Zofia Bialynicka-Birula2 1 , to show that the Darwin separation of the total angular momentum for an arbitrary electromagnetic field into two parts follows from the photon picture of the electromagnetic field with some remarks.

Generator of the Poincar´e Group
The Poincar´e group is the group of Minkowski spacetime isometries. It is a ten dimensional noncompact Lie group. The abelian group of translations is a normal subgroup, while the Lorentz group is also a subgroup, the stabilizer of the origin. The Poincar´e group itself is the minimal subgroup of the affine group which includes all translations and Lorentz translations. More precisely, it is a semi direct product of the translations and Lorentz group.
In a relativistic theory, we must first of all define the operators representing ten generators of the Poincar´e group, that must obey the following commutation relations. , = 0, , = 0, , = − ℎ (1) , = 0, , = ℎ , , == − ℎ where, P is the generators of translation in space (momentum), is the translation in time (energy), is the rotation (angular momentum), are the Lorentz boosts (momentum of energy), and is speed of light.
The representation of the generators of the Lorentz group for massless particles was given by Lomont and Mose [2]. We will review here a modified version of these generators for photons 3 , 4 , 6 that exhibits its geometrical meaning. The momentum operator, by definition, acts on the wavefunctions in momentum representation as a multiplication by hk. The complete list of generators also contains the operator of angular momentum and the boost operator Where + = | | , the photon helicity operator ) * has the stands for the covariant derivative on the light cone. These operators act on the two-component photon wavefunctions 2/%0 = 3 2 4/ 0 2 5 /%0 6 (9) and satisfy the commutation relations (1), (2) and (3) appropriate for the Poincar´e group. The components of the photon wavefunction correspond to two eigenvalues of ) *, here L and R are used to denote the eigenfunctions of the helicity operator since they correspond to left-handed and right-handed circular polarization. The properties of the covariant derivative are obtained from the commutation relations for the angular momentum and they read 1 , These conditions determine the vector ;/%0 up to a gauge transformation ;/%0 → ;/%0 + ∇ =/%0 (12) Which is connected to the change of the phase of the wavefunction, in analogy to the theory of charged particles coupled to an electromagnetic field. In order to solve the problem of the total angular momentum separation into two parts for the classical electromagnetic field, we shall employ the correspondence between the fundamental physical quantities (energy, momentum, and angular momentum) in photon quantum mechanics and in Maxwell theory. In the quantum mechanics of photons these quantities are represented by the operators /40-/70 . The generators /40, /50 ,(6) and (7) are Hermitian with respect to the following Lorentz-invariant scalar product 1 ,

Maxwell's Theory
Maxwell's equations can be cast into covariant form. The Einstein expression of it, is that, the general laws of nature are to be expressed by equations which holds for all systems of coordinates that are covariant with respect to any substitution whatever generally covariant.
Maxwell's theory of electromagnetism is alongside with Einstein's theory of gravitation, on the most classical field theories. The revolutionary work of Maxwell, puplished in 1865 took the individual and seemingly unconnected phenomena of electricity and magnetism and brought them into a Coherent and unified theory [16], [18]. This unified theory of electricity and magnetism depicts the behavior of two fields. Maxwell discussed his idea in terms of model in which vacuum was like an elastic solid, he tried to explain the meaning of his new equations in term of mathematical model. There was much reluctance to accept his theory, first because of the model, and second because there was at first no experimental justification. But today, we understand better that what counts are the equations themselves and not the model used to get them. If we chose units in which M N =∈ N = = 1, then the covariant form of Maxwell's equations take the form [7], [8]: Where P is the electric, and R is magnetic field, Q is the charge density, and is the current density. Taking the divergence of equation /140 and substituting equation /150 into resulting equation. Now, we can obtain the continuity Now we have used the fact that for any vector H and scalar ψ the following identities hold: Also, since equation (16) always holds, this means that R must be curl of a vector function, namely the vector potential A, Substituting equation (21) into equation (17) we obtain Which means that the quantity with vanishing curl in equation (22) can be written as the gradient of scalar function, namely the scalar potential `.
The minus sign attached to the gradient is for technical convenience. These quantities, in Maxwell theory are given as space integrals of corresponding densities built from quadratic expressions in field vectors. The convenient tool in this construction is a complex vector F, that was called the Riemann-Silberstein (RS) vector in [1], [5], [9]. and given by The Maxwell equations expressed in terms of F are: Now all of the field energy H, the field momentum P, the field angular momentum J, and the field moment of energy K can be constructed from the energy-momentum tensor of the electromagnetic field, and they expressed in terms of the RS vector as follows [

Fourier Theory
The fact that momentum can be expressed as p = kℏ allows us to define a "momentum space" wavefunction that is related to the position space wavefunction via the Fourier transform. A function f/x0 and its Fourier transform. F/k0 are related via the relations: These relations can be expressed in terms of p with a position space wavefunction ψ/x0 and momentum space wavefunction Φ/p0 as: Parseval's theorem tells us that 6 : These relations tell us that Φ/p0, like ψ/x0, represents a probability density. The function Φ/p0 gives us information about the probability of finding momentum between a ≤ p ≤ b: P/a ≤ p ≤ b0 = D |∅/p0| dp • ' Parseval's theorem tells us that if the wavefunction ψ/x0 is normalized, then the momentum space wavefunction Φ/p0 is also normalized D |ψ/x0| dx Š zŠ = 1 ⟹ D |∅/p0| dp = 1 Š zŠ It is a fact of Fourier theory and wave mechanics that the spatial extension of the wave described by ψ/x0 and the extension of wavelength described by the Fourier transform Φ/p0 cannot be made arbitrarily small.

Spin of the Electron
We shall now see that, unlike the Schrodinger equation where the spin of the electron had to be introduced in an ad hoc manner, the Dirac equation naturally leads to the spin of the electron. To see this let us evaluate the commutator bracket of the orbital angular momentum operator } = î× " with the Dirac Hamiltonian. Thus for the commutator of } k we have } k , = /) * "̂m − ) * m "̂ 0, • /; k "̂k + ; "̂ + ; m "̂m0 + --˜ = ℏ /; "̂m − ; m "̂ 0 where we used the position-momentum commutation relations to evaluate various terms in this equation. In a similar manner, we obtain } , = ℏ /; m "̂k − ; k "̂m0 (47) L m , H = iℏc/α k p * − α p * k 0 Thus the angular momentum operator } does not commute with the Dirac Hamiltonian. But the total angular momentum, being a conserved quantity for a free particle, must commute with the free Hamiltonian. This means the orbital angular momentum cannot be the total angular momentum. The electron must possess an intrinsic angular momentum, which when added to its orbital angular momentum, gives the total angular momentum, which is the conserved quantity.
To identify this intrinsic angular momentum, let us introduce a matrix operator ∑ ≡ /∑ , k ∑ , ∑ , m 0 defined by

Separation of Angular Momentum
In the following we are going to justify the identification of the Fourier coefficients with the components of the photon wave function in the formula (30) by unifying the field picture and the photon picture. We can see that the second term in the left hand side of (30) involves complex conjugation, and this is dictated by the fact that the photon energy is always positive. Therefore, the time evolution of the wavefunction is given by the factor y z § I T Therefore, the reversal of the sign in the exponent requires complex conjugation and then we discuss the pulling out of the factor √v to assure the normalization of 2.
Firstly, we shall combine now the field picture and the photon picture to obtain the decomposition of the total angular momentum of the field. To this end, we use the substituting of the Fourier representation of the field into the formulas /260, /270, (28) and (29), We have to note that, the resulting expressions have the form of quantum mechanical expectation values: As Darwin had anticipated, we can see that, these formulas exhibit a perfect agreement between the results obtained from the particle picture and from the field picture. Also, every value calculated for the total electromagnetic field is a product of the quantum mechanical average value per one photon, multiplied by N [1]. This means that, the normalization factor N is the total number of photons [1]. Now, we may unambiguously split that the total angular momentum of the electromagnetic field /560 into two parts as done in [1]. The vector N whose integrand is perpendicular to the wavevector is the orbital part and the vector ¬ whose integrand is parallel to the wavevector is the spin part represented by helicity: The final step of our studding of the above analysis is the proof that the expressions for N and ¬ coincide with those obtained by Darwin. In [1] they employ the relation between E/%0 and f /%0 that follows from the formula/300: Now, we have to note that, the separation of the total angular momentum into its orbital and spin parts is conserved in time since both parts are separately time independent.

Another Separation of Angular Momentum
Now by using the formula (13) we may again unambiguously split that the total angular momentum of electromagnetic field (56) into two parts. The vector ¯° whose integrand is perpendicular to the wave vector is the orbital part and the vector ±° whose integrand is parallel to the wave vector is the spin part represented by helicity; then we can rewrite (56) by using (13) We can see that, the formulas (68) and (69) in our above analysis are coincide authors, and are separately time independent.

Conclusions
As a conclusion, in this paper we discussed the total angular momentum of electromagnetic field into its two parts, the orbital and spin. Our main tools, is the quantum mechanics of photons. In fact we revisit the results obtained by Darwin using Maxwell fields properties. We have also shown that our results coincide with previous results obtained vi several authors. Our last observation was that, when comparing the energy momentum and the total angular momentum of electromagnetic field, the two parts of momentum can't be expressed as an integral forms of local densities, and the formulas (68) and (69) in our above analysis are coincide authors, and are separately time independent.