Making Nuclear Physics Industrial Engineering Science: Talented Soviet Physicist with Troublesome Character and Career

The biography and scientific results of the prominent Soviet-Russian physicist Dmitry Ivanenko are presented. Dramatic career of the talented physicist is described on the historic background of dramatic period of Soviet Union. Professor Ivanenko appears as an figure of Novel level by his talent of Physicist not get recognized by part of colleagues because of his personal troublesome character and historic circumstances. The purpose of the article is to bring attention of the community to necessity of closer collaboration between scientists and state governments in front of the coming global challenges.


Introduction
Every period of science history has its heroes and, sometimes, anti-heroes. Sometimes they change their status in accordance with further scientific development, with relationships with colleagues and with power. The decades after the Russian Revolution, called Great October Socialistic Revolution in the Soviet Union those years, were such kind of period for "Jazz Band": Lev Landau, Geore Gamov, Matvei Bronstein and Dmitri Ivanenko, young talented Physicists in Leningrad in the mid-1920s who were passionately studying cutting edge dynamic theoretical Physics of those years. The name "Jazz Band" means that American Jazz for a short period, before getting banned, symbolized for the quartet freedom, upbeat lifestyle and optimism. All members of the cheerful "band" experienced harsh repressive character of the regime. Landau and Ivanenko were repressed, Gamov defeated, Bronstein was shot. In 1980s once when Dmitry Ivanenko called his group "our band" in our converstion Gennady Sardanashvili reacted "Dmitri Dmitrievich the term "band" is not acceptable for scientific group and sounds very strange". He was right because in Russian context this term sounds as "gang" for those who does not know the English connotation of the Russian word "band". This report has memorial character and refers to the scientific results of the author only in the list of references.

Biography of Dmitri Ivanenko
Dmitri Dmitrievich Ivanenko (1904Ivanenko ( -1994 was one of the prominent theoreticians and actively contributed into gravitational and nuclear research as well as to the institutional development of this branches of Physics in the former Soviet Union. He was born on July 29, 1904 in Poltava (Russian Empire), currently Ukraine Republic, in a family of well educated parents. His father was editor and publisher of the city newspaper, his mother was a school teacher. In 1920 he graduated from high school in Poltava.  The realization of Ivanenko's far-reaching plans and hopes was interrupted abruptly in 1935 --he was arrested in the context of the intensification of the repressions after political leader Sergey Kirov assassination. Presumably, he was accused in participation in anti-soviet activity in connection with defeated George Gamow. Exile to Tomsk followed after Karaganda forced labor camp. D. Ivanenko was a professor at Tomsk and Sverdlovsk Universities until the beginning of the World War II. From 1943 and until the last days of his life, he was closely associated with the Physics Faculty of M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University.
Dmitri Ivanenko made the fundamental contribution to many areas of nuclear physics, field theory and theory of gravitation. Here are the details in short. In 1928, Ivanenko and Landau developed the theory of fermions as skew-symmetric tensors in contrast with the Dirac spinor model. Their theory, widely known as the Ivanenko --Landau -Kahler theory, is not equivalent to Dirac's one in the presence of a gravitational field, and only one describing fermions in contemporary lattice field theory.
In 1929, Ivanenko and Fock generalized the Dirac equation and described parallel transport of spinors in a curved space-time (the famous Fock -Ivanenko coefficients). Nobel laureate Abdus Salam called it the first gauge field theory.
In Following to the suggestion by professor Tilman Sauer I want to add some new facts discovered recently when I was preparing reports and publication devoted to 100-year jubilee of Academician Yakov Borisovich Zeldovich. Some historically valuable facts about Landau and Ivanenko from their student years were reported by Academician Isaak Markovich Khalatnikov remembering stories by Landau. There was a study group in Leningrad State University at the time which consisted of very talented theoretical physicists: Lev Landau, George Gamow, Matvey Bronstein, Dmitri Ivanenko. Vladimir Fok was the leader of the team. They used to use in this group to address each other by short nicknames instead of names. Landau became Dau, Bronstein was called Abbat, Ivanenko got nickname Dimus, and Gamow became Johnny. The apartment of a young poetess Zhenya Kannegisser served their sort of at-home club. Zhenya was a cousin of Leonid Kannegisser who shot the Chairman of the Cheka (secret police, predecessor of NKVD), M. S. Uritsky (influential soviet politician of Stalin period). The entire company used to gather at place to have good time; and the evenings were full of jokes, music, intellectual excitement and reading poetry. As we hear from memoirs, this behavior was not typically the "soviet type", contrary, might accepted by some solid guardians of orders as too frivolous. From the distance of so many years it may be concluded that multiple conflicts between power and intellectuals started from the sort of minor "cultural mutual misperceptions" between them growing later up to dramatic conflicts. This happen, in different extents, to the all members of the group "Jazz Band", as they called themselves.
At some moment a young British physicist Rudi Peierls was also introduced there, he felt in romance with Zhenya and soon they get married. Subsequently, when Rudi Peierls became Sir Rudi, she became Lady Peierls. R. Peierls was the Head of Theoretical Department in the Los Alamos Laboratory. As Academician Khalatnikov (figure 1) pointed out [17], one of his closest coworkers was to be later famous spy Emil Julius Klaus Fuchs (29 December 1911 -28 January 1988). He convicted of supplying information from the American, British, and Canadian Manhattan Project to the Soviet Union during and shortly after the Second World War. While at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, Fuchs was responsible for many significant theoretical calculations relating to the first nuclear weapons, and later, early models of the hydrogen bomb.
In 1968, when Isaak Markovich Khalatnikov visited England, Lady Peierls told him that she and her husband, Sir Rudi, were visiting Fuchs on Sundays, in a British prison. One has to note that Fuchs was a staunch anti-Fascist and absolutely disinterestedly in egoistical terms, rather, based on his political anti-Fascistic principles, supplied information to the Soviet Union.
This last fragment, written after consulting with professor Tilman Sauer, brings us to paramount interesting topic of the interaction between physicists and state governments over security issues. In my earlier works as well as latest publications, commemorated Yakov Zeldovich, specifically opposing attitudes of Ya. Zeldovich and A. Sakharov (Nobel Peace Prize laureate) [5,19] over principles of serving to the country, remind the problem of responsibility and fair use of scientific achievements in the sake of progress. We see often that the perceptions of this big issue by scientists and secret services conflicted. History of Physics, specifically in connection with biographies of Einstein, Oppenheimer, Scillard, Sakharov and some others recalls that the issue is not just matter of history of Physics but of current actual policy. But, as professor Tilman Sauer recommends, the topic deserves bigger format of discussion beyond this short commentaries. The last point to mention is regret that, if not personal wrangler character and inability of the state system of the Stalin period to mobilize talented intellectuals without repressions into using their abilities into constructive usage of their talents in the interests of their countries instead of destructive opposing to political system, Dmitry Ivanenko might enjoy his scientific productivity including a few of them which were of Nobel level.
Professor D. Ivanenko died in Moscow on December 30, 1994, buried at Kuntsevo Cemetery, Moscow.        This photo -courtesy of Paul Forman, curator at the Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, USA -after discussion of the author's thesis concluding, that cosmological term is phenomenological description of the factors such as vorticity and torsion, as well as local rotations and perturbations, and other non-homogenous non-isotropic localities get lost in building symmetrical cosmological models (later formulation see [3][4][5]). Professor Ivanenko reacted quite emotionally, unexpectedly, saying "please, when I die tell them all that I was long-standing supporter of cosmological term and, therefore, I do not mind if it would be engraved on my tomb "He supported cosmological term"". Hereby, I am delivering his message.

Photos with D. D. Ivanenko
The author was a participant of the seminars held by professor D. Ivanenko, and grateful to the scientific advisor professor V. N. Ponomarev for opportunity to learn from himself, from academician Ya. B. Zeldovich [19]

Concluding Proposal
We are witnesses of the extremely dramatic productive and counterproductive interaction between scientists and power in different countries at the key episodes of the history. Therefore author calls colleagues into joint international project "Pedagogic and Political Legacies of Great Physicists". UNESCO Chairs Network (UNITWIN) "International Institute for Science and Education Advancement through Disseminating Best Practices" would be the best appropriate format for this initiative (preliminary version). Information wars will be prevented as well as nuclear ones.