Light Speed in Vacuum Is not a Constant and Time Doesn’t Change with Velocity – Discrepancies Between Relativities and Yangton & Yington Theory

Light Speed in vacuum, instead of being a constant, it changes with those observers moving at different speeds and directions with respect to light origins. Time, on the other hand, instead of moving slower with the traveler, it always keeps the same rate. These facts disagree with Einstein’s Special Relativity. Light speed in vacuum is a constant only if it is observed from light origins and those positions in stationary with light origins in Absolute Space System. This is because the emission of a Yangton and Yington circulation pair (Wu’s Particle or Still Photon) from the surface of a matter (String Structure or Higgs Boson) to form a free photon traveling in vacuum is a Non-Inertia Transformation and it only requires a small fixed amount of Force of Separation. Since light speed is not a constant to those observers moving at different speeds and directions with respect to light origins, Velocity Time Dilation derived from Einstein’s Special Relativity is not true and could never exist. Absolute Space System, Vision of Light and Non-Inertia Transformation are introduced to explain the relationships between Space, Time and Relativities. Doppler Effect, Blue Shift and Red shift are due to the Non-Inertia Transformation of light emission. Length contraction is caused by the difference of Visions of Light instead of Velocity Time Dilation. In an Inertia System, because of the same Visions of Light, the same light speeds in vacuum can be observed by all observers. Furthermore, Michelson Morley Experiment proves that for two split light beams traveling in vacuum, the same light speeds can also be observed. Time is the measurement of the cycles of a fundamental process from start to end of an event. Both time and light speed at large gravitational field have relatively slower rates, which may be caused by the longer period and lower frequency of Yangton and Yington circulation due to the influence of large gravitational field. This agrees well with Gravitational Time Dilation in Einstein’s General Relativity.


Introduction
In this paper, Yangton and Yington theory will be used to explain the nature of photon emission. Light speed in vacuum will also be thoroughly studied. In addition, with the concepts and definitions of Absolute Space System, Vision of Light and Non-Inertia Transformation introduced in this paper, Michelson -Morley Experiment, Doppler Effect, Red Shift, Length Contraction, Velocity Time Dilation and Special Relativity will also be discussed and analyzed for better understanding.
Finally, the meaning of Time will be explained, and Gravitational Time Dilation in General Relativity will be interpreted by the influence of gravitational field upon the period and frequency of Yangton and Yington circulation.

Absolute Space System
In the Universe, everything moves with respect to each other, there is no absolute reference. However, when a Velocity -Discrepancies Between Relativities and Yangton & Yington Theory photon emitted from a light source, it generates a straight optical path from light origin (not light source) into vacuum space. Since there is no inertia, light origin has an absolute fixed position in the space which doesn't move with light source neither Earth nor anything else. It is therefore proposed that an Absolute Space System can be formed by three perpendicular optical paths at light origin in the instance that the photon is emitted from the light source. Absolute Space System does exist in the Universe, but it cannot be visualized neither be duplicated after the first instance of photon emission.

Vision of Light
Observer's vision can be constructed by superimposing observer's positions in each time frame onto observer's final position. Fig. 1 shows the schematic diagrams of the Visions of Light of an emitted photon with respect to observers at light origin, ground and light source in Absolute Space System, where ground and light source are drifted apart from light origin due to the motions of Earth (V E ) and light source (V S ). After a time interval ∆t, assuming all motions are at constant speeds, the Visions of Light of those observers can be presented by the following straight lines: AP -the Vision of Light observed by the observer at light origin (black line), BP -the Vision of Light observed by the observer at ground (red line) and CP -the Vision of Light observed by the observer at light source (green line) respectively. They are all ended at the final position of the emitted photon (point P).
Because Visions of Light are different to each observer moving at different speeds and directions with respect to light origin (Fig. 1), also the speed of light is calculated by the Vision of Light divided by the traveling time of light, therefore the light speeds observed by moving observers are different from each other by a ratio same as that of Visions of Light.

Michelson -Morley Experiment
The purpose of Michelson -Morley Experiment is to detect the difference of light speeds caused by the motion of Earth through optical interference. Fig. 2 shows the Visions of Light of a beam of photons: AP is the Vision of Light observed at light origin (red line) which is stationary in Absolute Space System and BP is the Vision of Light observed at light source or ground (black line) which is drifted apart from light origin by Earth motion V E . When the photons reaches the semi-transparent mirror from Vision of Light observed at light source or ground BP, it splits into two perpendicular light beams and both get bounced back from the two end mirrors placed at equal distance from the center of the semi-transparent mirror. Two beams are then recombined at the semi-transparent mirror and finally received by the detector. Since light source or ground, semi transparent mirror, two end mirrors and detector are all in stationary with respect to Earth, and C E is the light speed observed by observers at light source or ground (stationary to Earth), also in alliance with the Vision of Light at Light origin (red line) in Absolute Space System, there is no additional influence from Earth motion needs to be considered in study of Vision of Light at light source or ground (black line). Because there is no optical interference, Michelson -Morley Experiment proves that for two split light beams traveling in vacuum, the same light speeds can be observed by those observers in the same Inertia System. Furthermore, because of the circulation and rotation of Earth, the actual displacement of Earth AB instead of being a straight line, it is slightly curved, therefore, BP, PM and PD are also slightly curved. However, the two light beams received by the detector always have the same light speeds and no optical interference can be found in Michelson -Morley experiment.

Absolute Light Speed
Because Yangton and Yington circulation pair known as Wu's Particle or Still Photon (Ref. 1 & Ref. 2) has no mass, the separation of Wu's Particle from the surface of a matter (String Structure or Higgs Boson) to form a free photon traveling in vacuum is a Non-Inertia Transformation. Also, Wu's Particle is the finest building block of all matters; it requires a small fixed amount of Force of Separation (Fig. 3). Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that there is one and only constant Absolute Light Speed C in vacuum with a straight direction that can be observed by the observers at light origins and those in stationary with light origins in Absolute Space System.

Different Light Speeds
Because the speed of light is calculated by the Vision of Light divided by the traveling time of light. With different Visions of Light, it is obvious that different light speeds in vacuum can be observed by moving observers other than those at light origins and those in stationary with light origins in Absolute Space System. As shown in Fig. 1, in addition to the Absolute Light Speed C observed by the observer at light origin, light speed C E can be observed by the observer at moving ground (V E ) and light speed C S can be observed by the observer at moving light source (V S ). This is different from Einstein's Special Relativity (Ref. 3) which claims that light speed in vacuum is always a constant no matter where the light sources and observers are.

Light Speed in Inertia System
As a photon traveling in vacuum with a given angle between the photon and the moving observer, same light speeds can be observed by all observers in the Inertia System of the moving observer. This phenomenon can be implied in two aspects: 1. With respect to the observer -As shown in Fig. 4, the same Visions of Light of the photon traveling in vacuum with a given angle between the photon and the moving observer can be observed by all observers in the Inertia System of the moving observer.

With respect to the light beam -Michelson -Morley
Experiment proves that two split light beams have the same light speeds observed by the observers in the same Inertia System.

Light Speeds on Earth
In reality, as shown in Fig. 1 the speed of Earth V E and the speed of the moving observer or light source on Earth V S are both extremely small comparing to the Absolute Light Speed C, therefore light speeds observed by ground observers, no matter in motion or at rest to Earth, have values very close to the Absolute Light Speed C which is about 3 x 10 8 m/sec. However, if an observer moves at a speed as fast as C in a parallel direction to light beam, then the light speed C S (Fig.  1) observed by the moving observer can be as small as zero which means the photon is idle or frozen with respect to the observer.

Limit of Light Speed
Because Wu's Particle is the finest building block of all matters (Ref. 1 & Ref.2), when it separates from the surface of a substance (String Structure or Higgs Boson) to form a free photon (Ref. 1), requires only a minimum of Force of Separation to generate the highest possible speed. Therefore, it is suggested that the Absolute Light Speed C (about 3 x 108 m/sec) is the limit of the highest speed of any substance in the Universe.

Gravitational Lensing
When a photon or a light beam passes through a gravitational field, just like that in the transparent material, light speed is reduced and direction is bending. This phenomenon is known as Gravitational Lensing.

Doppler Effect
The frequency of a wave-like signal such as sound or light depends on the movement of the sender and the receiver. This phenomenon is known as the Doppler Effect (Ref. 4) When the source of light is moving toward the observer, each successive photon is emitted from a position closer to the previous photon. Therefore, the wavelength between two subsequent photons is smaller which causes an increase in the frequency or shift to blue end of the spectrum. This is commonly known as Blue Shift. Conversely, if the source of light is moving away from the observer, each photon is emitted from a position farther from the previous photon, resulting longer wavelength between two subsequent photons which causes a reduction in the frequency or shift towards red end of the spectrum. This is known as Red Shift (

Both blue shift and Red Shift phenomena can also be derived by mathematics as follows:
Zero Shift -Both light source (star) and observer are in stationary to each other, f is the frequency and λ is the wave length measured by the observer C/f = λ Blue Shift -Light source (star) moves towards observer at speed Vs, f 1 is the frequency and λ 1 is the wave length measured by the observer

Red Shift
A Red Shift occurs whenever a light source moves away from an observer. Another kind of Red Shift is cosmological Red Shift, which is due to the expansion of the Universe.
Stars at sufficient distance (more than a few million light years away) generally show Red Shift corresponding to the increase of their distance from Earth.
The existence of Red Shift proves that there is no inertia transformation in the process as light emitted from a light source, or photon emitted from a substance (String Structure or Higgs Boson). Otherwise, photon will be drifted away with light source and there will be no Red Shift. This Non-Inertia Transformation process is also predicted by Yangton and Yington Theory (Ref. 1 & Ref. 2) simply because that photon is a traveling Yangton and Yington Circulation Pair which has no mass and thus results no influence of gravity. Therefore, it carries no inertia from light source.

Length Contraction
A moving observer measures an object to have a length along the direction of motion that is shorter than the length measured by the observer at rest with respect to the object (Fig. 6). This phenomenon is known as Length Contraction (Ref. 7 & Ref. 8) and it is caused by the difference of Visions of Light between moving observer and ground observer instead of Velocity Time Dilation (Ref. 9) which is derived from Einstein Special Relativity but not really exist.
Assuming it takes time ∆t for a photon to travel from the beginning to the end of an object with length L E measured by ground observer. The Visions of Light of moving observer and ground observer are L S and L E , and the light speeds of moving observer and ground observer are C S and C E respectively. The Length Contraction can be calculated as follows:

Time
Time is the measurement of the cycles of a fundamental process in the Universe such as the electronic transition in atomic clock. Each event takes exactly the same amount of cycles (Time) from beginning to end (Experience) no matter where the event takes place. However, the period of the clock can be different from one location to the other. A place with longer period of clock will have slower Time. For example, a 3000 -cycles event or life (Time) on Saturn can be completed sooner on Earth, because the clock on Earth is faster (shorter period) than that on Saturn due to the less gravitational field on Earth.

Velocity Time Dilation
In Einstein's Special Relativity (Ref. 3), it is assumed that light speed in vacuum is always a constant no matter where the light sources and observers are. As a consequence, Time on a moving object runs slower than that is stationary to observer which is known as Velocity Time Dilation (Ref. 9).
Because that the light speeds in vacuum is not a constant, Einstein's Special Relativity is incorrect, so is that the Velocity Time Dilation. In facts, there are three conflicts and mistakes in the derivation of Velocity Time Dilation (Fig. 7):

Gravitational Time Dilation
Time can be influenced by gravitational field as claimed by Einstein's General Relativity (Ref. 3 & Ref. 11), clocks that are far from massive bodies or at higher gravitational potentials run more quickly, and clocks close to massive bodies or at lower gravitational potentials run more slowly. This phenomenon is known as Gravitational Time Dilation (Ref. 12).
Time is the measurement of the cycles of a fundamental process in the Universe. Since Wu's Particle (Yangton and Yington Circulation Pair) is the building block of all matters, its circulation cycle is the nature clock build in all substances or systems.
It is assumed that large gravitation field will cause the increase of the period and decrease of the frequency of Yangton and Yington circulation and thus to slow down the cycles of the clock -"Time". This agrees to Einstein's General Relativity.

Conclusion
The second postulate of Einstein's Special Relativity that "The speed of light in a vacuum is the same for all observers, regardless of their relative motion or the motion of the light source" is incorrect. Light Speed in vacuum, instead of being a constant, it changes with those observers moving at different speeds and directions with respect to light origin.
Because that the photon emission only requires a fixed amount of Force of Separation, and also it is a Non-Inertia Transformation predicted by Yangton and Yington theory and proved by Red Shift phenomenon, light travels in vacuum with a constant Absolute Light Speed C in a straight direction can be observed by the observers at light origins and those in stationary with light origins in Absolute Space System.
Since different light speeds in vacuum can be observed by observers other than those at light origins and in stationary with light origins in Absolute Space System, therefore Velocity Time Dilation derived from Einstein's Special Relativity is not true and could never exist.
Absolute Space System, Vision of Light and Non-Inertia Transformation are introduced to explain the relationships between Space, Time and Special Relativity. Doppler Effect, Blue Shift and Red shift are due to the Non-Inertia Transformation of light emission. Length Contraction is caused by the difference of Visions of Light instead of Velocity Time Dilation.
In an Inertia System, for a given light beam, the same light speeds in vacuum can be observed by all the observers. Furthermore, Michelson -Morley Experiment proves that for two split light beams traveling, the same light speeds can also be observed.
Time is the measurement of the cycles of a fundamental process in the Universe. Both time and light speed at large gravitational field have relatively slower rates. This may be caused by the longer period and lower frequency of Yangton and Yington circulation due to the large gravitational field. This agrees well with Gravitational Time Dilation in Einstein's General Relativity.