Electrons Break to Photons Even in a Low Voltage Electric Circuit

This paper is the theory of breaking electrons in ordinary circuit elements like resistors and Light-Emitting Diodes (LED’s). Undergoing a change of electron has not been considered in the low voltage circuits so far. As it is shown here, there is a difference current before and after LED and resistors. The possibility of leakage current or escaping of electrons from the circuit to make electrostatic charges also considered and tested for LED. It is concluded that the reverse action of Photoelectric effect (eVo=hf-φ), creating energy from mass of electrons are happened not just in a sophisticated high energy accelerators but in daily life electric circuits. Referring to this paper, a large number of missing electrons break to photons, although the drift velocity of electrons is very low. Under going a change of electrons has been considered in the circuits of these experiments. According to the Kirchhoff second rule called the junction rule, the conservation of charge implies the junction rule, because charge does not originate or accumulate or annihilate at this point. It expresses that in any closed single loop electric circuit there is no source or well of charge besides the power supply and the current remains constant at all points of the circuit. Based on the results of this paper and missing some part of current, the conservation of charge does not show high accuracy in this paper.


Introduction
The interaction between electrons and photons has already been investigated [1] and + → + , Annihilation of electron-positron pair that produces a pair of gamma rays has been studied [2]. We know that photons or γ-rays can undergo three major types of collision. Striking an electron, losing all its energy to it and simply disappearing (Photoelectric effect) [3] and [12], or a photon can collide with an electron and be scattered to one side (Compton Effect). The third way in which a photon can be stopped is through a process called pair production that in this process, mass is created from the photon's energy [9]. The track of electron has already been viewed in the alternating-gradient synchrotron at Brookhaven National Laboratory in US at the Bubble-chamber by photograph of electron-positron pair formation [10]. In this paper the reverse action of photoelectric effect is studied. In pair production electronpositron are produced by -rays or by interacting the incident beam that is composed of antiprotons with a hydrogen nucleus (proton). In reverse process the collision of electronpositron results production of -rays. In all of cases, the Conservation of charge is valid. In the experiments mentioned here, it seems that rule to be violated. Although a battery pack of a pocket calculator with the voltage of 3.0 V delivers a current of 0.17 mA [4] which seems to be low, but for these experiments lower amperage is suggested. For more accurate results it is recommended that: 1) The better digital Multi meters especially more precise Ammeters with the Ranges of ( , ) with Higher Resolutions and Better Accuracy, DC power supply with constant voltage, etc., are needed. The Ammeter is suggested to be with selector of high amperage with the range of Micrometer or Nano ammeter, for example if we could read the current of 5.76 A in the range of , it could be as 5,763,235.07 or at the range of nA may be 5,763,235,072. 3 . Although the three first digits are the same but by increasing the resolution, the differences of measurements appear better. 2) More powerful resistor or light equipment in the circuit to be used to find more amperage differences.
3) The grounding wiring system should have the lowest possible resistant to the ground for measuring the possibility of lowest leakage current of the circuit to the surrounding environment.

Material List
Preparing a circuit with safety measures with the items and material list (Figure 1) including: a) A direct current supply having ranges of 3, 6, 9, and 12 Volts or using a proper DC voltage convertor. b) At least four digital Multimeters including: one Micro ammeter and the other possessing the selectors of Milli ammeter and Millivolt meter. c) A LED bar light about power nominal of 2 Watts. d) A metallic tray as a heat sink and a protective shield.

Preparing the First Test Circuit for Measurements
In this experiment at first two digital ammeters in parallel connected to one side and one digital ammeter connected to another side. For the next step the position of ammeters are interchanged. A voltmeter is also used for measuring the circuit voltage.
Connecting the circuit parts according to Figure 1 and reversing the direction of LED bar light to inside for preventing of damage to eyes from its glare. It is suggested even cover it with a noun combustible semi-transparent sheet for reducing its reflected glare from tray and do not touch the light bar when is on with bare hand for not burning the hand. At the positive side of LED two ammeters are connected parallel to each other and at negative side of light bar an ammeter is connected in series in the circuit. The range of one of ammeter at positive side is A and the other is µA. The range of the negative side is A. After each measurement and the circuit was disconnected for time lapse of 20 seconds and then turned on, 10 seconds waited for stabilizing the circuit parameters, the amperage was measured. The tests repeated for 5 times, then the two ammeters connected to the positive side of light bar moved to the negative side and the ammeter connected the negative side moved to the positive side. The measurements repeated as table1.

Tests and the Tables of the Data
Preparing the tables with the columns of for one side, for the same side and for another side of LED bar, ∆ , , ∆ 10 And carrying out the measurements and noting the results: For a regular circuit and non sensitive ammeters, connecting one ammeter before and another after the resistor, they do not show any difference of the current in a single loop circuit. Although in an ionic solution, both positive and negative charges contribute to the current by moving in opposite directions [5] but current in a copper wire is just related to the moving of electrons. Table 1 As a check on these results we find that the difference between the last column two averages ∆ = 13.315

Analyzing the Results of
For better comparison between the result numbers, the first average voltage is supposed to be equal to the last average voltage and its proportional amperage, power and the average difference of losing power are calculated.
There is possibility that the amperage difference has leaked to the environment. There is possibility that Also charge do accumulate on the surface of conductors. The surface area of the conductors that are used in common circuits are much too small to accumulate a significant amount of charge [6]. The leakage current test (2.7.) is done for it and does not show a measurable leakage current. In 2.9. an example of mathematical analyzing is introduced.
The result shows negative side current is more than the positive side in the single loop circuit. Although based on classical Physics principles could not be a well that electrons fall down it, but is considered that some part of electrons missing. The interpretation could be that at least part of missing electrons break to photons.

Considering the Relation Between Voltage and the Missing Current
Using the same circuit of Figure 1    Let us see if there is a relation between missing current and the applied voltage. If the K's were equal, we could conclude that the Ohm's Law is ruled for the missing current, but they are not equal.

Test for Possibility of Leakage Current
Material List: (Figure2): e) Some proper wires, clips and wire connectors f) Proper metallic pot as a leakage current collector testing device. g) A disconnect switch h) Electrical insulator sheets like polyethylene and Styrofoam. i) Ground wire connection for measuring the possibility of accumulated electrons on metallic pot.

The Leakage Current Test
For considering the possibility of leakage current the circuit shown in figure 2, has been prepared. The LED bar placed inside a metallic pot which electrically insulated from the ground. The Multi meter is set to the range of 200µA which is highest resolution in this Multi meter.
Its ampere side is connected momentary to the pot and the common wire connected to the ground wire connection. With the highest voltage tolerable by the bar light (13.22 V in this case), the voltage difference of pot and ground measured five times that sometimes for a fraction of second was about between 0.2 to 0.3 mV and Multi meter all the times showed current of zero. The waiting time period for possibility of collecting electrons on the surface of pot was 10 minutes before each measurement. The result of possibility the leakage current or escaping electrons from the light bar in these tests is negligible. The conclusion could be that some the missing part of electrons which is the difference between positive and negative sides of light bar have been broken to photons with different frequencies of visible light and infrared, etc.

Measuring of Current Before and After Tiny Electronic Resistors Sides with 1.5V, AA Battery as the Power Supply
Using two kinds of Multi meters with different ranges and also convertor which its voltage fluctuates make the first test results difficult. In this test a single Multi meter with the highest possible range resolution (200 µA) and a single battery AA with nominal voltage of 1.5 Volts is used to cancel the fluctuation of line voltage.

Material and Testing Device List
a) Three electronic resistances connected together in series with total resistance measurement of: > ? 9.81 Ω b) One battery with nominal voltage of 1.5 V, an AA battery c) One digital Multi meter has set to DC Amperage at the range of 200 d) One digital Multi meter has set to DC voltage at the range of 2000 @A e) Wires for connections and clips Connecting the circuit parts according to Figure 3 and measuring the current before and after resistances for five times, yields us the numbers in table 3:  Table 3 As we already know, in gases and electrolytes which placed in electric field, all negative and positive ions could move to the opposite charge sides. In solid metals in the room temperature like cooper wires in these tests, the only parts of atom could move in the electric field, are the free electrons. The drift velocity of electrons:

Analyzing the Results of
In a typical copper wire of radius of 0.815 mm carrying current of 1A is: A : ≃ 3.54 $ 10 # @ E ⁄ [7]. Considering the numbers of table 3 and the direction of real current in copper metal in this test that is from negative pole to the positive pole, we obtain: The current equation was given as: ΔH Δ . I, for t = 1 second, we get: Based on the Einstein equation of mass and energy: If all of current difference (6) is changed to energy, then the number of electrons that break down to energy is The energy produced by difference current: >. ∆ . I, for t=1 s (15) 9.81 $ 10 $40$ 10 6 3.924 $ 10 < Q (16) Comparing (14) and (16) shows that all of missing electrons that come from the current difference have not been changed, but a fraction of them have been changed to photons. We find that fraction from dividing (16) to (14): where, X 132.5 and t=1 s, then we obtain: This shows for the mentioned condition of the circuit, about 36 percent of total dissipating power comes from the breaking of electrons that are the difference passing current between two negative and positive sides of resistances with the amount of ∆H 40 $ 10 6 J . The rest of dissipating power could be related to kinetic energy of accelerated electrons passing through the resistances when striking to the target atoms and release photons, etc.

Measuring of Current Before and After Tiny Electronic Resistors Sides with 9V, 6F22 Battery as the Power Supply
Repeating the same experiment is done with the same circuit of figure 2, but instead of 1.5 V, AA, another battery with nominal voltage of 9 V, 6F22 battery has been used. The average difference amperage obtained ∆I = 1941 nA. The average total circuit voltage is 9.656 V. The same above procedure can be followed for getting the percentage of electrons which disappear and break down to photons.

Discussion
Based on the tests, existence of current difference between two sides of an electric element has not been considered so far. The better results come with higher resolution Multi meters and non-fluctuating voltage supply (constant voltage) and also as table 2 shows the rate of difference current increases by increasing the applied voltage to the element. According to the Kirchhoff's Law, The sum of all the currents coming into a junction must be equal the sum of all the currents leaving it and the Conservation of charge implies the junction rule [6], [8] and [12]. There is difference between the current of coming in and getting out of the LED or resistances for all these experiments. According to our existing knowledge light (photons) come from the accelerated free electrons (like electron beam in a vacuum tube with high voltage electrodes which produces X-rays) or changing the orbits of electrons moving around the nuclei in atoms. Annihilation of matter in collision of electronpositron pair in high energy accelerators produces gamma rays, etc. In these tests some missing electrons produce visible light or infra-red. If electrons could break to photons, therefore, Photon could be one of the sub-building blocks of electron, (Figure 4). According to the result of this paper some electrons missing. It requires breaking to energy as the form of photons (upper right side). If electron is composed, it should be contained of at least two particles of like photons, etc. Although missing some electrons in the circuits is the main subject of this paper but photon also has a trace of electromagnetic wave. If photon after travelling a path and producing the electromagnetic field perpendicular to its direction of the travel and still maintain its properties as a photon, therefore it is composed. EMP (Electro-Magnetic Particle) could be one of its composition (up right of figure 4).

Summary and Conclusion
We see in this paper that the tests show the current of one side (negative) at a circuit element like LED or resistor is different than the other side (positive) in a single loop. The Conservation of Charge Law as one of the principles of Classical Physics is incompatible with the observed mentioned experiments with measurements of higher resolution. For more accurate results, digital Multi meters with Ranges of (µ A, n A,..) with Higher Resolutions and Better Accuracy is suggested. The tests can be adopted as an assignment for related courses at the Universities and Technical Colleges lab. The method, material list, and also precautions have been mentioned in the paper. Other cautions and safety measures must be added to the lab order, especially by increasing the circuit voltage and current.
Although based on classical Physics principles could not be a well that electrons fall down it, but is considered that a fraction of electrons missing. The possibility of leakage current is tested in LED light, but no measureable leaking amperage viewed. The interpretation could be that: A large number of missing electrons break to photons and it is happened not just in a sophisticated electron accelerator, but in daily life electric circuit. Electrons break although the drift velocity of electrons is very low. Sensing the hot wire (the wire which carries electricity) without cutting its insulator and only by circuit alert device or clamp ammeter could be the result of breaking some passing electrons and radiating photons (Photons produce Electromagnetic Waves) to the surrounding area.