Satellite Image Used to Solve the Impact of Silt and Velocity on Discharge Carrying Capacity of Right Bank Canals of SukkurBarrage Pakistan

Pakistan is basically an agricultural country, agriculture is considered the back bone of the country. It helps country in earning foreign exchange, about 90% of output comes from agriculture, supports in employment and economy by exporting food grains. Luckly Pakistan has worlds third giant irrigation system, it comprises best storage infra-structure, controlling system of barrages, regulators, conveyance system of canals and an efficient drainage system both horizontal and vertical. Indus river basin irrigation system has three major reservoirs, sixteen barrages, two head works, two siphons across major rivers, 12 inter river link canals and 44 irrigation canals. Average gradient was observed from sea level as flat with rate of 12.5 cm/km (eight inches/mile), Indus provides irrigation system to major portion of Sindh almost 41 percent. The total Gross Commanded area of Sindh and Baluchistan which depends on Indus is 5.92 Mha whereas, the only Cultivable command Area is 5.43 Mha. The major crops grown in Sindh are rice in Kharif and wheat in Rabi. Besides this, Sindh also produces horticultural crops such as: mangoes, bananas, dates and chilies. Sindh has also diversion capacity of 111 billion cubic meter (BCM) which is equivalent to 90 million Acre Feet (MAF). It was found in the research that excess of silt in Right Bank Canal is more to reduce the velocity of water. Satellite image based model shows negligible velocity to Right Pocket at Sukkur Barrage. 60% less cultivation in 2018 at SaifullahMagsi Branch Division at border of Sindh-Balochistan.


Aim and Object of Research
Aim of this research paper is to highlight the problem related to Right Bank Region of Sukkur barrage Pakistan and its habitants specially end users. This research is to know the main problem of water shortage in right side of sukkur barrage and to solve the problem by generating model through computer.

Area of Study
Our area of study is sukkur barrage and Right bank canals which are badly affected due to silt deposition at right pocket of sukkur barrage.

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Waterability of the Indus Basin Irrigation System
There are three main sources of water availability in the Indus basin.
The average annual flow of western rivers of Indus basin is approximately 142 million acres feet MAF. About 104 MAF of this water is diverted for irrigation purposes and about 35 million acre feet outflows to the Arabian sea.
Another source of water is the rainfall. Irrigated areas of Indus basin receive on average 40 million acres feet of water annually. Rainfall of Sindh province is 100 to 180 mm per year and evaporation rate is between 1000 to 2000 mm.
The third source of water is the groundwater. It provides approximately 40 percent of crop water requirements of the country [2].

Steps for Model Generation in
Computer Based Program

Silt Deposition
It is well known that precipitation and fresh water resources are not homogeniously distributed either spatially or temporally [4]. The main cause of silt deposition at head works and radiating canals is the reverse to natural surface and sub-surface gradient. That impacts the design discharge carrying capacity of the canals, with the passage of time and distance the velocity reduces and results in droping the sediment. According to irrigation rule, the sediment entering at head works must remain in suspension but this depends upon the velocity [5]. Dripline flushing is a maintanance procedure that is recommended for all micro irrigation systems. However flushing velocity and flushing duration which particularly affect the design and management of sub surface drip irrigation system have not been studied extensively [6]. Minimum velocities for the suspension of fine sediment in the green river canal [7]. The canal flows through dry and troppical area, The dry winds more sediment fine particles from outside intothe canal and with this sediment charge is increased, it further reduces the flow velocity. Sediment of canalsis a big problem where the feeding rivers contain a large amount of sediments [8]. The canal is alluvial and totally in filling, because of loose soil, the scouring takes place in both bed and sides, that further enhancing the sediment charge. Water flow and sediment process have been significantly erratic at the chokwe irrigation sheme and have affected its hydraulic performance [9].

Density Formula
The sediment load values are in tonnes. to calculate the volume of silt deposition at structure we are using calculation through density formula to determine the volume: density = mass / volume so; volume = mass/ density (1)

Renard Equation
There is a certain diversity of openion among authors certaining the distribution of water velocities and their statements regarding velocities near periphery of canal lack the precision required for ecological studies [10]. The Renard's equation predicts the sediment yield for a semi arid watershed by simulating individual hydrographs and computing sediment yield for the estimated hydraulic conditions [11][12]. sediment yield is related to the drainage area by following equation: Formula: where: Y is average annual sediment yield (ac-ft/ac/yr).

A = Structural (watershed) area in acres.
Sediment sluicing flow factor of last 50 years was between a minimum 0.18 to a maximum 1.54 except flood months (July-Sept) which is always less than 2.0. Thus sediment shoals were developed at upstream of the Barrage.

Sukkur Barrage
Sukkur Barrage has network based on seven canals (9923 km) 6166 miles long, feeding the largest irrigation system in the world, with more than 7.63 million acres of irrigated land which is approximately 25 percent of total canal irrigated area of the country. Structure of barrage is based on 66 spans, each 60 feet and weighing 50 tons.

Impact on End Users
1) 60% less cultivation in 2018 at SaifullahMagsi Branch Division at border of Sindh-Balochistan. 2) Main canals are silted up due to less velocity of water as compare to previous four years. 3) Forces were deployed to control law in order situation to avoid the water theft.

1) Adding one span to North West Canal Head Regulator to
Enhance the Discharge (that is not feasible).
2) It will be appropriate to enhance wier level to create pond of water in front of canals to serve both purposes, settling of coarser particles at head works and increasing the head to enforce water entry in canals. 3) Cleaning right pocket of sukkur barrage, so as to supply the adequate discharge in the right bank canals.

4) Maintaining the full supply depth of NW Canal and Rice
Canal by Raising and Strengthening of Banks and De-silting work of canals if necessary. 5) De-silting will be the continueous process by silt dredgers at various places for maintaining discharge of warah Branch from RD 00 to 10. 6) It is suggested to stabilize the sides of canals by stone pitching and cascades be provided at various places to increase the head.

Results
1) The N. W Canal and the Rice Canal have been silted up from RD 00 to 83.5 of both Canals. 2) Excessive silt entry in right bank canals due to above causes. 3) Computer based model results impact of water particle tracing from gates of barrage show path opposite to Right Bank Canals. 4) Sand dunes formed in front of head regulators inside right pocket. 5) Right Bank canals not able to take the design discharge 6) Reasons of silt deposition in canals is due to changed behavior of water flow in sukkur barrage, that causes huge deposition of silt at U/S right pocket of Barrage & it's off-taking canals as well. 7) The excessive entry of silt in right side canals is much greater as compare to left side canals, which causes huge accumulation of silt in both canals viz Rice Canal and NW Canal, hence it has reduced the discharge capacity of both the Canals.

Conclusion
1) The reduction of discharge in Rice Canal Head @ Sukkur Barrage was 54%.
2) The reduction of discharge in Rice Canal @ Ruk Complex was 54.8%.
3) The reduction of discharge in NW Canal @ Sukkur was 30%. 4) The reduction of discharge inWarah Branch @ RD 83 of Rice Canal was 45%. 5) 60% less cultivation in 2018 at SaifullahMagsi Branch Division at border of Sindh-Balochistan. 6) Satellite image based model shows negligible velocity to Right Pocket at Sukkur Barrage. 7) The problem is crucial, a team coprising seniors may be given this work as daunting task. 8) These canals are not only supplying water for irrigation but end area is total saline they are using this water for drinking and animals also.