Review of Literature on Social Media Use: A Bibliometric Analysis

: As social media has been a hot topic for researchers over the past few years, conducting some type of literature review seemed to be essential to inform the research [1]. The objective of this research is to review and assess current social media use trends by using Histcite software for bibliometric analysis and information visualization. The paper provides a detail review of related literature regarding the concept of social media use by several organizations, its definition and research gaps found in the review are also discussed. Besides the study shows the highly cited journals and authors related to social media use from 2008 to 2018. The bibliometric analysis reveals that 1232 articles using the term “social media use” have been published during the selected years. From the review conducted, it can be identified that social media use literature was covered by more than 350 journals among which “computers in human behavior” journal stands first with 65 articles. Likewise, the paper explores the highly cited authors and cited papers from social media use literature which indicates that highest numbers of papers have been written by co-authors. The h-index (that provides an index based on a list of publications ranked in descending order by the Times Cited count) of social media use literature is 45. In conclusion, this review found that researches focusing on employees social media use is very limited and rather in its infancy. Only few studies have addressed social media usage by employees.


Introduction
As the study of social media has been a hot topic for researchers over the past few years, conducting some type of literature review seemed to be essential to inform the research [1].Alongside of recent trends in web technologies, making profitable use of social media is at the top of the agenda for many organizations, social media refers to online services that support social interactions among users through highly accessible and scalable web-based publishing techniques [2].In the public and private sector, social media initiatives are booming, with increasing agreement among users on the importance of using social media platforms to interact with others.Given that, this paper gives an overview of past research on social media use and the factors relevant to this dissertation.Following [3], this literature review was carried out in two main steps: 1) selecting the relevant sources to be searched, and 2) defining the search strategy in terms of time frame, search terms, and search fields.This paper provides a detail review of related literature regarding the concept of social media use in several organizations, its definition and research gaps found in the review are discussed.Besides the study shows the highly cited journals and authors related to social media use from 2008 to 2018.Prior to the review, Histcite software was used for bibliometric analysis and information visualization.Bibliometric is the branch of information theory that attempts to analyze quantitatively and statistically the properties and behavior of recorded knowledge.Through this technique, only the recorded knowledge can be study, not the knowledge itself.Documents used in this study were based on the online database Web of Science.The period of study covered is from 2008 to 25 th June 2018 (10 years).The keyword "social media use" has been used as the search term in the field of title and the time period is limited to 2008 to 2018.Once a marked list of papers has been created, the resulting export file is processed by HistCite™ (Bibliometric Analysis and Visualization Software developed by Garfield and colleagues) to create tables ordered by author, year as well as citation frequency.

Method and Bibliometric Analysis
The focus of this analysis is the title search "social media use", using the tool Web of Science®, a service to access the world's leading scholarly literature in different disciplines by examining various sources.Bibliometric analysis is the quantitative description of literature that helps in measuring the patterns of all forms of recorded information and their producers.Bibliometry is a quantitative analysis of the bibliographic characteristics of a growing body of literature.This analysis is represented by indices such as author and country productivity, as well as the amount of production over time.Bibliometric studies have been increasingly conducted to map academic articles and technological products of different scientific fields, determine collaboration standards between authors, institutions, research groups, and other analysis parameters, define the main areas of research and present the impacts of scientific article publications [4].The main objective of the bibliometric analysis is to explore the following characteristics of social media literature from 2008 to 25 th June 2018.
1. To find out year wise growth of publications 2. To find the document wise research publications in social media use research 3. To find the authorship productivity 4. To find out important journal publication of research out put 5. To examine the distribution of top ten countries during the study period 6.To identify the most productive institutions in social media research 7. To find top ten highly cited articles in social media research.Documents used in this study were based on the online database Web of Science.The period of study covered is from 2008 to 25 th June 2018 (10 years).The keyword "social media use" has been used as the search term in the field of title and the time period is limited to 2008 to 2018.A total of 1232 records were retrieved from all databases of Web of science.The search as show in table 1 included 902 records from Web of Science Core Collection, 158 records from Inspec and the remaining 172 records are from SciElo Citation Index, KCI-Korean Journal Database, Chinese Science Citation Database and from Medline (Table 1).Once a marked list of papers has been created, the resulting export file is processed by HistCite™ (Bibliometric Analysis and Visualization Software developed by Garfield and colleagues) to create tables ordered by author, year or citation frequency as well as historiographs.The analysis of the data has been done with a view to measure the growth of social media use literature over the years, author's productivity, institution, country wise distribution of papers and highly cited papers.A general picture of social media use literature retrieved from Web of Science® is given in Table 2.It reflects citations to source items indexed within Web of Science®.A Cited Reference Search was performed to include citations of items not indexed within Web of Science®.This was cited 9874 times, 8803 times without self-citations.Average citations per item were 8.01.The h-index (Hirsch index that provides an index based on a list of publications ranked in descending order by the times cited count) was 45.During the period 2008-2018 scientists all over the world have produced a total of 1232 publications on social media use literature.Table 3 shows the year wise distribution of papers published on Web of Science database.There were only 2 records in 2009 and then it increased gradually and reached 309 in 2017.It is interesting to see that the last five years (2014-2018) more than 1000 articles were published by world scientists.The average number of publications per year was 1097.11.The social media use literature grew gradually by publication years.From HistCite software, 499 most valuables papers were published by 1530 authors by using 323 journals.Table 4 illustrates authors' records as Shensa Ariel got 10 records with a Global Citation Score of 26.The second, third and fourth places are occupied by Dr. Primack Brian A, Dr.
Sidani Jaime E and Dr. Chen Hsuan-Ting among the top 10 authors contributing in the field of social media use literature.Therefore, we map the scientific literature related to social media use in business and management field, the main authors, published articles involved in academic research on the subject could be identified.The records of academics publications, linked to the research area of ''Business and Management categories", were obtained at the Web of Science Core Collection, from Thomson Reuters.The following search strategies were applied: Tag topic = "social media use" Timespan = 2008 to 2018 Indexes = SCI-EXPANDED, SSCI, CPCI-S, CCR-EXPANDED, IC Document types: Articles (open access articles) Records were imported from Web of Science Core Collection (raw data files in plain text format) to histcite software for a bibliometric analyses.Given the purpose of this study, regarding the use of social media in business and management purpose, only records linked to the Research Area of Business/Management Research -a subject categorization scheme (subject) of WoS-were selected, reducing the number of articles from 1232 to 974.Then we excluded Meeting abstract, Proceedings paper, book review, letter, news items to select only articles which reduce the number to 34 open access articles.
The following are some advantages of using histcite software: (a) removal of duplicates; and (b) standardization (''cleaning'') of the fields Authors, Author Affiliations (Organization and City and Country).Therefore from the 34 records of academics publications obtained, authors conduct a detailed literature review to link the research categories to key variables (see table 7).For example, As social media moves from "buzz word" status to strategic tool, [5] in her research made an online survey asking 283 professionals in some international corporations, nonprofits and boutiques about their use and perceived ubiquity within the industry related to social media, she found out that in general, practitioners have adopted nearly six different social media tools professionally out of 18 social media tools.Practitioners have clearly adopted the more established and institutional tools (e-mail, Intranet), yet they also seem very comfortable with blogs and podcasts and slower to integrate more technologically complicated tools.The most popular tool was used was email, followed by intranet, blogs, videoconferencing, podcast and video sharing.Lesser used tools were: instant message, events, social networking, text messaging, photo sharing and wikis.Another study conducts by Joanne Patroni [6] on 20 global retailers that has adopted social media to boost employees' productivity and innovation within their organizations.Similarly as shown in previous research, several organizations use enterprise social media to encourage their employees to collaborate, share knowledge, and innovate.Thus organizations motivate employees to use work-based social media and the cultural implications for innovative and routine work practices.The management of innovation is subject to a change from focusing on the individual's innovation contribution to innovation as a social and collaborative practice [7].Under these circumstances, employees are considered to be valuable sources of internal opportunities for innovation [8,7].In fact, according to [9] employees constitute one of the most important sources for innovation.Moreover, managers should be to lead employees through the phases of identification by specifically targeting their identification levels and using the appropriate media.It is possible to relate this open employee ideation approach to the ideas behind the phenomenon of open innovation [10] where organizations open up their organizational boundaries and use both internal and external sources for innovation.[11] discussed the adoption of social media technologiessuch as blogs, wikis, social networking sites, social tagging, and micro blogging in organizational settings as managers hope that these new technologies will help improve important organizational processes.The study concluded that social media usage improved the transparency of the employee innovation process, and the diversity of employees commenting on the submitted ideas increased.However, to stay competitive, organizations need to focus on employees' creativity and innovative behavior and empower them psychologically.Researchers have identified many antecedents to followers' creativity and innovative behavior.Of these, human resource management appears to be one of the most influential constructs [12,13].Discussing the role that sagacity plays between individual creative and innovative work, one reason for the positive and significant role of managers is that creativity often needs actions that are beyond normal work tasks; employees may feel fear and anxiety at the thought of generating new ideas.In such a situation managers can play a vital role in providing a risktolerant environment in which workers feel comfortable to generate and participate in novel useful ideas [14].

nonprofit organizations
The study found that the nation's largest nonprofits are not using Twitter to maximize stakeholder involvement.Instead, they continue to use Social media as a one-way communication channel as less than 20% of their total tweets This study tests hypotheses regarding differences in brand-related user-generated content (UGC) between Twitter (a microblogging site), Facebook (a social network) and YouTube (a content community).

UGC posts for two retail-apparel brands (Lululemon and American Apparel)
Findings show that while brand-related UGC tends to differ across sites for some facets of content (particularly promotional Self-presentation and brand centrality), it does not do so for others.In addition, some cross-site content patterns (e.g., 'marketer directed Communication') appear to differ significantly for brands that are more, versus less, proactively managed.

Defining Social Media
The definition of social media itself has created a lot of discussions among scholars as the term is often confused to Web 2.0 and social networking.It is important to start with a widely-cited definition to distinguish between the two throughout the research.Social media is unique from other forms of communications and collaboration [15].In general, the term Web 2.0, first used in 2004, refers to the enhanced capability whereby content and applications are continuously modified by all users [16].Meanwhile, social networking sites refer to web sites that allow the "friending" of people and staying connected with friends and family [17].
Social media can be defined as a group of Internet-based applications built on technological foundations ofWeb2.0 that enable the creation and exchange of User Generated Content [16].In broader terms, social media consists of social networks (Facebook, online communities), micro-blogging services (e.g.Twitter), video sharing (e.g., YouTube), and blogs.Social media provides a platform for firms to interact with their customers [18].Social media are online tools that allow users to share content, collaborate, and build networks and communities, with the possibility of reaching and involving large audiences [19,20] give a more detailed definition for enterprise social media.Previous authors described them as web-based platforms allowing workers to (a) communicate messages with specific coworkers or broadcast messages to everyone in the organization; (b) explicitly indicate coworkers as communication partners; (c) post, edit, and sort text and files; and (d) view the messages, connections, text, and files communicated, posted, edited and sorted by anyone else in the organization at any time of their choice.

History of Social Media
The Internet has revolutioned how people interact with each other on a daily basis.Prior to the Internet, staying connected to friends and family was difficult and costly.In today's world, staying connected is easy and accessible.The way people communicate changed when the first email was sent in 1971 [21,16].In 1978, the Bulletin Board System (BBS) was invented in order to allow users to exchange messages, data, news, and software, thus the beginning of the Internet [16].In 1979, two individuals created Usenet, a worl wide discussion system that allowed users to post public messages [16].The 1980s witnessed the introduction of online service providers such as Compuserve, Prodigy and America Online (AOL) [22] (Curtis, 2011).By 1989, British engineer Tim Berners-Lee began to work at CERN on what was to become the World Wide Web [21,22].
During the 1990s, the Mosaic web browser was launched, GeoCities, one of the web's first social networking sites, was founded and personal home pages began to emerge [16].The year 1995 marked the era for corporate web pages and ecommerce [16].No-surprise that the current trend toward social media can be traced back to the internet' roots, since social media has the World Wide Web from web sites that provided static information to web sites that serve as an information exchange platform between users [16].
The social media era dates back to 1998 when Bruce and Susan Abelson founded Open Diary, an early social networking site that brought online diary writers together into one community [16].The technical advances and the growing availability of high-speed Internet access over the past 30 years have enabled a form of virtual content sharing, leading to the creation of social networking sites such as MySpace in 2003 and Facebook in 2004 that are fundamentally different and more powerful than the Bulletin Board System (BBS) of the late 1970s [21,22,16].Social networking sites were followed by the video sharing site, YouTube, in 2005 and the micro blogging site Twitter, in 2006 [21].The latest to the group of social media are virtual worlds (i.e.Second Life) and virtual game worlds (i.e.World of War craft), which provide a simulated environment inhabited by three-dimensional avatars that may interact with each other.The aforementioned evolution of technology touches on various forms of applications that provide clarity about what falls within the term of social media.
Although historically we have been able to identify different milestones of technological advances, categorization of such technologies may not be as simple.When considering the general definition of social media there is a need to distinguish various types of social media.The table 8 below provides six different types of social media.BookCrossing, Flickr, YouTube, Limewire and Slideshare Social Networking Sites are web-based services that allow individuals to construct a digital identity bydeveloping a profile, articulating a list of users with whom they share a connection, viewing their list of connections andviewing connections made by others within the system [17] Facebook, MySpace, LinkedIn

Virtual Game Worlds
Platforms that replicate a three dimensional environment in which users can appear in the form of avatars that interact with each other [16] World of Warcraft, EverQuest

Virtual Social Worlds
Allows inhabitants or avatars choose their behavior freely and live a virtual life that may resemble their real life [16].Second Life

Gaps in Social Media Literature
The available body of research indicated the gaps in literature on employees' social media usage.The preliminary review of literature helped the researcher generate ideas and explore sources that will contribute to the research.In terms of theory, several theorists have made valuable contributions to research, paving the way for others to build on and come up with more input.Social media have some unique features that may challenge the ability of existing theories and frameworks to explain cognition, affect, and behavior.These may require new theories and frameworks that will help in understanding social media and employees' behavior [23].According to several studies on the adoption and use of social media by PR practitioners, there are plenty of social media studies in academic literature; significant gaps remain in understanding how employees are using the technology [24].Despite the rapid growth of social networking there is lack of theories in the phenomenon of social media.The potential benefits of social networking are not well understood [25].Practically, managers are trying to understand how theirs companies should permit social media use for organizational purposes [23].This is partly due to the lack of empirical research on employees' use of the technologies and platforms that underlie social networking and social media, argue Martin and Bavel [25].This is true when it comes to the adoption of the technology in companies in China.Past research demonstrates a high level of interest in studying the usage and influence of social media as a tool of communication in the workplace [16].However, research that is mainly focused on employees social media use is very limited and is rather in its infancy.Only few studies have addressed social media usage by employees.The researcher has reviewed scores of research papers, reports, academic articles, books, websites etc. using the social media as key search words that turned in thousands of titles.There are many past research studies or papers on social media in general but still more research needs to be done in HRM purpose.This research develops a sequential mediation model by fully integrating the links; this research focuses on three empirical gaps.First, few studies examine a sequential mediation model as this paper consider employee's social capital and their psychological empowerment mediating the relationship between social media and innovation.Second, there is a lack of attention to innovation as a measure of job performance outcome as most articles use financial (return on assets -ROA), organizational (e.g., productivity) and employee related (e.g., commitment) performance measures.Yet, Western knowledge economies consider innovation to be a driving force of economic growth, and international competitive advantage.Moreover, innovation is a function of a firm' ability to create, manage and maintain knowledge.Third, social media usage is becoming an important strategy for companies' competitive advantage achievement.Further research will answer the question that managers seek as whether they should allow social media at work or not.

Summary and Conclusion
In this paper literature review regarding social media use has been analyzed with a clear bibliometric tool.Based on Histcite software, the bibliographic information (titles, authors, years, countries, etc.) described several published articles and various aspects of management field.Moreover, present paper highlights important contribution from several research scholars in social media use field and includes the distinct features with a succinct description of the literature review.Based on the review, there are gaps in research that if filled will help companies understanding and using social media to get the benefits associated with the usage.Companies, as established by many scholars such as [26] have some sort of phobia when it comes to the use of social media.Similarly several scholars have noted that it is essential to include social media in any business strategy [27].The available body of research indicated the gaps in literature on social media use in several organizations.The preliminary review of literature helped the researcher generate ideas and explore sources that will contribute to the research.In terms of hypothesis, several theorists have made valuable contributions to research, paving the way for others to build on and come up with more input.Past research demonstrates a high level of interest in studying the usage, adoption and influence of social media as a tool of communication in the workplace [16].However, research that is mainly focused on employees social media use is very limited and is rather in its infancy.Only few studies have addressed social media usage by employees.Consequently most of the research focused on social media use by customers and end-users.Thus, in future research, the issue will be analyzed through the eyes of researchers to enlighten social media use impact on employees' job performance in companies by using an empirical study.

Table 1 .
Records from Web of Science Databases.

Table 2 .
General Observations on Social Media Literature during 2008-2018.

Table 3 .
Year Wise Growth of Social Media Use Literature.

Table 4 .
Prolific Authors with Number of Records (First 10 Authors).Journal Of Medical Internet Research' with 25 records.Table5shows the rank position of top ten journals.

Table 5 .
Journals with Number of Records (First 10 Source Titles).

Table 7 .
Summary of Some Key Contributions on Social Media Use in Organizations.

Table 8 .
Six Types of Social Media.