The Utilizing of Geographical Information System for Showing Distribution Burglary in Sheffield City, United Kingdom

Burglary is one of the dangerous types of crime in society. The rate of this phenomenon has increased in the areas that have negative impact on the relationship between residents with government law. This increase also shows that the low of the security in this society make their people do not feel better security of life. This study concentrates of the utilized Geographical Information System (GIs) to identify the level of burglary and the factors that have a big related with it in Sheffield in 2011. In addition, (MapInfo 10 and Arc GIs 10) play a role in detecting and presenting data due to the utility of maps. GIS could have a charmed role in displaying the ratio and distribution of the burglary in each sector of the city, and sociocultural impacts on the residents. The criteria that were involved in this study contains (student, age 16-29, unemployed, white and black African, sharing house and no qualification). Both of CASWEB 2011 census and Edina UK Border were used to collect the data and create the map in Sheffield.


Introduction
In criminal statutes, if a person enters other peoples' premises with the intention of committing crimes, hence that person is committed a crime. Burglary is classified as a specific kind of the class theft crime. Like other types of theft, a person is guilty of burglary when he aims at stealing something from someone with intention of permanently depriving it from its owner (Anonymous, 2005). The definition of burglary has changed over the time; in the English case law, the burglary is breaking into people's house with the intention of committing crimes during the night and different offense of break-in during the day. However, this definition has changed from 20th century; break-in to other people's premises with the intent of committing this offense at any time of the day can be considered as burglary (Burglary, 2013).
In a study that is conducted on international crimes and justice statistics, as a respond to a question asked whether they can follow the definition of burglary, 41 per cent in total of 71 countries responded that they have understood the term of burglary (Helsinki, 2010).
In the twentieth century, this kind of crime (Burglary) was most popular in many countries in the worldwide; particularly, in those countries that have high rates of population. According to Shover (1991) in the 1960 the proportion of Burglary was 508, 6 per 100,000 people in the United State, but in 1984 this proportion has been dramatically increasing to 1,263 per 100,000. (GIs) played a major role in collecting data about all crimes, generally burglary. Primarily, Grubesic and Murray (2001, p21) argued that (GIs) mapping techniques "utilised to investigate the link between juvenile delinquency and social or cultural characteristics". The Major goal of this study is to focus on the using GIs technique for spatial analysis of burglary crime in Sheffield.

Background
This kind of theft is one of the most popular sorts in the worldwide. Any society that suffers from this type of crime, people can feel unsafe about their properties and valuable stuffs, and this can be regarded as a dangerous pronominal. Burglary in Sheffield City, United Kingdom Different techniques and devices have been used to indicate the places of the crimes such as GIS which can be used to collect data in this respect.
In recent years, many studies have been conducted by depending on GIS to gather data about the different types of crimes. A study that is carried out by Chainey and Ratcliffe in (2005) in Chester, England has made use of GIS to indicate the places of the crimes on maps and also provides a table to indicate the rates and types of crimes in a specific area. This implementation has made the maps and tables available for the public through internet. Therefore, people can have access to them from everywhere and at any time.
Another study which was implemented by Peng Chen, Tao Chen and Hongyong Yuan in Beijing, China in (2007) indicates that in 1980s, before inventing GIS, it was hard to detect the places where the crimes occurred. However, the invention of GIS, in the years after, accelerates the process of investigation by using peoples address who had committed the crime and indicating the places where had more crimes. In analysing the crimes, such as burglary and robbery the recordings of the study had many important attributes in the process of the crime analysis by using GIs map such as a" unique reference number, Date of offence, Time of offence, Type of offence, Offence address".
Another study that has been carried out by Canter, P.R. in Marylan, USA in (1997), discussed the use of GIs in mapping the burglary and robbery crimes. It showed the crimes using Polygon, point and line. This study also mentions that a large number of burglary crimes had accrued outside the areas where targeted by police as the police mostly focuses on the areas which had more crimes.

The Objective of This Study
Burglary is one of the serious issues that have a huge impact on the humanity and personal life. This paper focuses on the using of GIS technique in distributing and selecting the rate of percentage Burglary crime in Sheffield. It also explains the factors that have influence on burglary.

The Study Areas
Sheffield is one of the most significant and greenest cities in United Kingdom. It is located in the centre of the United Kingdom, in the South Yorkshire, in the intersection of 53° 23' North latitude, 3° 47' West longitude. Figure 1: illustrated the Geographical location of Sheffield in UK. It is the fourth largest city in UK. According to UK official census, the number of its population was 552,694 in 2011 and covered an area of 368 KM 2 .

Methodology
They are several types of methods to collect data in connection to this study. GIs is a modern technique that has a great role in collecting data, then joining and displaying on map. Both of the MapInfo 10, Arc GIs 10 and Microsoft word 2010 are made use of to provide the maps. Computer and printer are two kinds of the hardwired that mainly participate in conducting this study. In addition, there are different types of source that are essential to get many kinds of data about this study. For instance, this site, www, edina. ac. ak / ukborder can be utilized to produce maps in all UK cities, and it also use www, Census. ac. uk/ CASWEB to provide UK census population and spatial data. Furthermore, there are many kinds of sources that are useful for getting information about this study such as books, articles and journals. All the sources are available in the library and subspace.

Data Collection
The data collection in this study depends on the secondary data. It using CASWEB 2011 census for obtaining percentage of burglary crime in Sheffield for each word. All the data was collected in census 2011. It is evident that, all maps were downloaded from Edina UK Border on the internet. It can also make use of the Google map to select geographical location of Sheffield city in United Kingdom.

Utilize UK Census
For answering this question, why census is important? Census data is very significant because it is gathering correct information about the proportion of population in any country across the world. In this way, they get data about the annual population increase. Census data is most essential source to help government for collecting data in many aspects in UK, such as (age, gender, crime, heals, education, migration, marital status unemployed and birth or mortality (Valencia, 2002). In the last century census was carried out by one time per ten years due to lack of the developed technological devices and methods, but in the last few decades due to the improvement in technology, obtaining census become easy. Census in UK is conducted by separate source. For example, in Wales and England is collected by Office for National Statistics (ONS), in North Ireland the census is implemented by Northern Ireland statistics and Research Agency (NISRA), whereas the General Register Office has a major role in carrying out census in Scotland (Martin and Tranmer, 2001). GIs technique played a key role in selecting the location by using address zone. According to Lovett and Gale (2002) GIs are utilized to collect data and create map for General practitioner surgery locations, such as address zone, community transportation services, road newt works and bus routes in UK. This study draws on the 2011 UK census for all the aspects. The burglary data will be collected to find out how many people do this crime annually in all UK cities.

Burglary Crime Policy
Burglary are changes according to different types of law in any countries, each countries has a specific law for burglary. In the past, due to lack of a strong security and low cultural level, particularly in the developing countries, the rate of burglary was high. Norris (2007) reported in December 2005, under supervision UK the European Parliament legislate a law that allow to use internet and telephone services by police to discover the crime location by recording mobile and telephone number. In the last two decades, the number of burglary was decrease in UK. As a Home Office Public Service Agreement (HOPSA) the proportion of burglary was dramatically reduced by % 25 in 2005 compere to 2003 (Drake, 2008). According to planning research by National Strategy Action Plan (DTLR) implemented during 20 years in the poorest part in British the rate of burglary was dramatically reduce. This is due to the increase in the job opportunities in the target areas, improving health quality and providing better housing to life (Bell and Jones, 2002). After year 1990 till now UK government is providing a better home security, and helps to increase people's annual income as well as raises CCTV for public places. Tilley and Farrell (2011) argue that in the past 15 years from 1995 to 2008 the rate of burglary was decreased by 58 per cent in England and Wales. This is due to providing better security devices in households and increasing annual income personally. Tilley and Farrell (2011) believe that the majority of households is more likely to be burglary their annual income was lower. According to the Home Office (2015) sentences for the burglary are different for instance, "Under Section 9 of the Theft Act 1968 the maximum sentence that an individual convicted of burglary will be provided with is as follows: 14 years -where the offence was committed in respect of a building which is a dwelling 10 years -where the offence was committed in relation to any other buildings Section 4 of the Crime (Sentences) Act 1997 specifies a minimum 3 year prison sentence for third-time domestic burglary This figure illustrates that the percentage of burglary crime in different parts in Sheffield. The high rate of burglary is located in city centre and South east (Dark Blue colour) and the lower proportion of burglary is located in various parts, such as North and around city centre (light Purple colour).

Fig. 3. Percentage of Student Activity in Sheffield.
The figure 3 shows that the high proportion of people that have a student activity is located in the city centre (Blue colour) and the lower rate of student is located in the South and a big part of the North and North west (Green colour).

Fig. 4. Percentage of Unemployed in Sheffield.
This figure exhibits that a great percentage of Unemployed is located in the middle city (Dark Green and Green colour). But it can be seen clearly that the less high proportions of people that are Unemployed occur in a huge part in North and North West and South (Red and Orange colour).

Fig. 5. Percentage of Sharing House in Sheffield.
A huge level of population that live in Sharing house is located in mid-city centre (Dark Brown colour) and the lower percentage of sharing house is distributed around the city centre in North, South, West and East (Dark and light Blue colour). These figure (Fig. 6) exhibits that the high rate percentage of people that aged between 16 and 29 is located in the mid Sheffield city (Red and Brown colour). The (dark Green and Green colour) shows the lowest level of people that aged between 16 and 29 are distributed across various part in (North, North West, South and South West).

Fig. 7. Percentage of White and Black African in Sheffield.
The majority of white and black African people live in the city centre in Sheffield (dark Blue and Blue colour). But the lower proportion of those is located in South and big part in the North and North West (Maroon and Yalloworange colour)

Analyses and Discussion
To analyse different types of information on any study, we should answer three main questions. The questions are what, where and how as well as illustrating the links between these questions.
In this study, generally, places the emphasis on the analysis and the specification of the highest rate of burglary in Sheffield. The highest rate of burglaries have occurred in the city centre and in some parts near to the city centre and south east of the city, as it has been shown on figure 1.
As it can be clearly seen on the maps above, burglary is more frequent in the places which have a higher number of student residences near the city centre. And the places where the number of students is low the rate of the crime is much lower. It is clear evidence that the number of student residences have the influence on the rate of the crime.
Unemployment is another reason behind such crime. The places that have more unemployed people the rate of the burglaries is much higher compare to other places. Some of them resort to burglary as an alternative of legally gaining money to support their income as it can help them to continue their life.
Sharing houses, such as flats and accommodations that contain people from different ages, background and nationality have higher rate of the burglaries compare to other types of properties. This can lead to high rate as it's easier for people share some of their stuffs with those who they live with. For instance, students from different nationalities may share their own stuffs with other; this can be easily taken by others.
On figure 6 it can be seen that the majority of people who are committing such type of crime are aged between 16 to 29 years old. And the majority of them have no qualifications.
It can be observed that the places that have a higher number of African people from both gender has a higher percentage of burglary compare to the places with few number of African residents.
According to the above data, places with a higher student resident, people aged between 16 to 29, sharing house, unemployment and places with majority of African people residents are the main factors of increasing the burglary crime.

Conclusion
It's evident that any place that has a high proportion of burglary will leave some negative impact on the social life, security and individual behaviours in the society. This paper determine Geographical Information System (GIS) which identified the level of burglary in Sheffield and it also clarify the causes that influencing the burglary such as international students, because of the limited incomes they might steal their needs from neighbourhoods. Unemployment, is another influential burglary due to the lack job opportunity, sharing house, those people that allocating house their incomes are mostly inadequate which is supportive for doing this crime. Furthermore, ethnic groups also participate in this crime because this group thought that they are not known by the people in this province so they do not pay attention for the notoriety. Finally, the people with no qualification cause to increase the number of the burglary as the low of the education and scarce of the work. GIS has an import role on specifying the demography of population in specific places. Moreover, by using this technique we can design different maps to display different phenomenon. This study has used different types of measurement to determine the rate of burglary and the factors that related to it.