A Study on the Strategy of Chinese-English Consecutive Interpreting of Beijing Historical and Cultural Speeches

Historical and cultural speeches are considered a challenge in Chinese to English interpretation, as each language describes the world in a different way. Therefore, Beijing historical and cultural speeches are believed to have high level of difficulty in terms of interpretation. This study was aimed at investigating the strategies used in interpreting Beijing historical and cultural speeches. Based on the literature review, two models of interpretation are established, and three cases of interpreting strategy of Beijing historical and cultural speeches based on the models are analyzed.


Introduction
In interpreting practice and students interpreting education, it is generally believed that historically and culturally specific topic is difficult, thus challenging both the ability to inculcate one language into another in accordance with the translation standard as well as the limited processing capacity that is the inherent nature of interpreting featured with immediate communication. This is true, especially for the interpretation of speech from Chinese into English; two languages describing the world in different ways. However, with the ongoing globalization process, people from various countries now have in-depth understanding of each other when communicating, and since there is much need for interpreting Chinese historical and cultural speeches into English, it is a necessity to study the strategy of interpretation in order to provide some references in teaching Chinese-English interpretation and facilitate bilingual communication.
This paper was aimed at exploring the possible challenges of interpreting consecutively the Chinese cultural and historical speeches into English and tries to work out an applicable model of interpreting strategy in the training of interpreting students.
The aim of this study can be further broken down into three questions. Questions: 1. What are the potential challenging points in Chinese-English consecutive interpreting of Beijing historical and cultural speeches? 2. What are the possible strategies to meet the challenges in interpreting Beijing historical and cultural speeches? 3. To what extent are the strategies viable in interpreting practice and student exercise? This study tries to discuss the three questions. Gile (2009) developed the Effort Models of both simultaneous interpreting and consecutive interpreting based on cognitive psychology in order to shed some light on the possible strategies in interpreting. According to Gile (2009: 163-165), there are two phases of consecutive interpreting.

Model of Consecutive Interpreting
"Phase one: listening and note-taking (8) Interpreting= L+N+M+C L: Listening and Analysis N: Note-taking M: Short-term Memory operations C: Coordination Phase two: target-speech production (9) Interpreting = Rem+ Read+P+C Rem: Remembering Read: Note-reading P: Production" In order to have a smooth consecutive interpreting, the following conditions should be met. "(10) LR+NR+MR+CR≤TA (11) LR≤LA (12) NR≤NA (13) MR≤MA (14) CR≤CA TR: Total processing capacity requirements LR: processing capacity requirements for L MR: processing capacity requirements for M PR: processing capacity requirements for P CR: processing capacity requirements for C TA: total available processing capacity LA: the processing capacity available for L MA: the processing capacity available for M NA: the processing capacity available for N CA: the processing capacity available for C" "When inequality (10) is not true, saturation can occur. When inequalities (11), (12), (13) or (14) are not true, failure may result in spite of the possibility of total available capacity being larger than total requirements." (Gile, 2009: 165) The implication of this model is that when the total required capacity does not exceed the total available capacity and each part of the required capacity does not exceed the available capacity, it is possible that the consecutive interpreting can proceed smoothly. Otherwise, consecutive interpreting may fail.
This observation is important for the development of interpreting strategy since it may lead to one conclusion: the economy of each part of the total processing capacity is very important for the successful process of consecutive interpreting. A question then follows: what leads to the saturation of the processing capacity? In Gile's work, that is called "problem trigger"; while in some other studies, it is called "errors".

Problem Triggers and Error Analysis
Problem triggers, under the conceptual framework of the Effort Models, are considered to be "associated with increased processing capacity requirements which may exceed available capacity or cause attention management problems, or with vulnerability to a momentary lapse of attention of speech segments with certain features" (Gile, 2009: 171). Problem triggers may include names, numbers, enumerations, fast speeches, strong foreign or regional accents, poor speech logic, poor sound, etc. (Gile, 2009: 171).
Relevant studies try to find out the problems triggers and why. Gile (1999) conducted an empirical study and found out that when 10 professional interpreters interpret the same speech twice in a row in the same external environment, many errors and omissions found at first were corrected in the second time, while some new errors and omissions occurred in the second set of interpretations. The only plausible explanation is that the processing capacity of each interpreter is limited and therefore, attentional resources are not adequately allocated or available. Matysiak (2001, cited in Gile 2009 and Gile (2009: 183) replicated the experiment and found similar results. Gile (2001;2009: 183) predicted the specific difficulties in simultaneous interpreting versus consecutive interpreting in the same speech on the basis of the Tightrope Hypothesis and found errors and omissions consistent with the hypothesis. Some studies reported indirect evidence on numbers, names and idiomatic expressions as problem triggers for their neighboring segments (Gile, 2009: 183;Mazza, 2000;Cattaneo, 2004). Liu and Xiao (2010) conducted a study on number errors based on the corpus of a DAVOS conference and drew the conclusion that interpreting on number is a challenge in English-Chinese simultaneous interpreting. The main reasons for the errors are believed to be the speech made by the speaker being too fast, numbers coming together, and the contexts of the number being incomprehensible to the interpreter. Wang (2015) conducted a study of errors of consecutive interpreting of students with Chinese and English language pairs with the corpus of the finals of 3rd CTPC Cup All China Interpreting Contest. The errors of Chinese to English (C-E) were separately examined from those of English to Chinese (E-C).
Based on the analysis of both C-E interpretation and E-C interpretation, three hypotheses were accepted. (1) Numbers can be problem triggers for students in consecutive interpreting. (2) Nouns (or names) can be problem triggers for students in consecutive interpreting. (3) Logical relationship can be a problem trigger for students in consecutive interpreting. It is also evident that the logical relationship constitutes a much more prominent problem trigger than nouns. Presumably, it is important for the teacher to emphasize on the identification of the logical relationship to the students during the training process.

Concepts
Concepts, mainly reflected in lexis, can reflect extra-textual factors and intra-textual factors of the text. (Nord, 2005: 122-129) "For example, the semantic and stylistic characteristics of lexis (e.g., connotations, semantic fields, register) may point to the dimensions of content, subject matter, and presuppositions, whereas the formal and grammatical characteristics (e.g., parts of speech, word function, morphology) refer the analyst to predictable syntactic structures and supra-segmental features." (Nord, 2005: 122) This is of interest to the interpreting strategy as lexis or concept is what the interpreter is able to perceive directly. And with the understanding of the lexis, features of the text can be detected.

Information Structure
Halliday (2008: 89) believed that information unit is a structure made up of two functions namely, the New and the Given. "The significant variable is: information presented by the speaker as recoverable (Given) or not recoverable (New) to the listener. What is treated as recoverable may be because it has been mentioned before; but that is not the only possibility. It may be something in the situation, such as you and I; in the air, so to speak; or something not around at all but that the speaker wants to present as Given for rhetorical purposes.
Similarly, what is treated as non-recoverable may be something that has not been mentioned; and may be something unexpected, whether previously mentioned or not." (Halliday, 2008: 91) In interpreting, some concept, when the speaker, already mentions it even in the most careless way, should be seen as given information. And some information that can be inferred from the context or is the common knowledge between the speaker and the listener, should be seen as given information. This is significant to the interpreting strategy.

Information Structure on Textual Dimension
There are many studies on the classification of the text types, of which Jones (2008) was one whose classification focus particularly on the text types in interpreting. Jones (2008: 14-21) believed that there are four types of text and several sub-types of speeches. Admittedly, this classification may not be exhaustive, but it does consist some of the most common types interpreters may encounter in their practice. (1) Reasoned logical argument -Jones believed that there are two sub-types to this classification: (a) exhibiting the viewpoints of two parties, giving analysis to the two and drawing a comprehensive conclusion; (b) drawing the only plausible conclusion the speaker believes by a series of reasoned logical argument. (2) Narrative speeches with chronological order -This includes the description of an event, a scene or a detailed presentation of data. (3) Persuasive speeches -The purpose of this type of speech is to persuade the listener. (4) Rhetorical speeches -The purpose is to impress the listeners with elegant style and broad scope of knowledge; viewpoints may be hinted in the speech.
One of the purposes for identifying those text (speech) types is to apply different strategies. Jones (2008: 15-21) proposed different strategies for those text types. Firstly, If the speaker is making logical argument, whether it is one side or two sides of the viewpoint, the interpreter should pay special attention to the logical connections, especially the connective words, such as "but, however, on the other hand, as, given that, therefore, consequently, because, thence", etc. And those logical connective words are very important indicators for the development of the speech. This is due to the rigorous logic, from A to B to C, any mistake or omission by the interpreter could collapse the structure, which translates to unintelligible speech for the listener relying on the interpretation. Therefore, the interpreter should focus on all logical connective words. The second type, chronological narrative speeches could be a story or history. Listeners could be expecting to know when something happen; therefore, the interpreter should focus on temporal phrases, date and verb tense. The third type, descriptive speech, could involve enumeration of many items, which do not necessarily relate to each other; in this case, the interpreter could try to identify the important message and interpret accordingly. The fourth type, rhetorical speech, is challenging due to its complicated form and style. Speakers may use metaphor, simile, etc.; to impress the listener. In this case, interpreter should mobilize all possible resources of the source and target language in order to interpret. If the rhetorical speech is not about expressing any ideas, the interpreter should follow closely in order to avoid adding any idea that is not mentioned by the speaker.
Jones (2008) discussed the general strategy from the perspective of the text type, which should be a starting point of the strategies applied in interpreting.

Information Structure on Theme-Rheme Dimension at Approximately the Sentence Level
Text type is a very important level of strategy planning in interpreting. However, interpreting, unlike translation, which allows the translator to access the whole text, only allows the interpreter to work on the incoming message. Therefore, to make the strategy work, it is important to find out the strategy at the operational level of interpreting, which is at a micro-level. Nord (2005: 115) believed that in oral texts, sentence is marked by phonetic devices (such as high pitch or long pauses). And whether it is grammatical complete is not the criteria of a sentence. Sentence can be an approximation of the micro-level structure of the text. The key is to try to determine whether the sentence, form-based partition, is in line with semantic information unit. The division based on information unit or semantics is called theme-rheme. (Nord, 2005: 116-117) It can also be called topic-comment. This is a micro-structure, which is independent of syntactic structure. With the progression of the theme and the connective by devices, macro-structure can be formed. Therefore, theme-rheme structure is where micro-structure and macro-structure meet.
Theme-rheme division seems to be an appropriate choice for analyzing interpreting strategy because the operation of interpreting can hardly work if an interpreter constantly reminds himself/herself of what is the subject or predicate, as in the division of school grammar. And it seems that interpreting work better on a semantic level. Therefore, the semantic division of the sentence into theme and rheme instead of subject and predicate using grammatical standard may work better for interpreting strategy.
Theme is, more often than not, what is at the beginning at the sentence while rheme is what follows the theme in the sentence (Hu, 2012: 12;Halliday, 2008: 64). Baker (1992: 121-122) believed that theme-rheme division is a way of analyzing the interactional structure of a sentence. According to Baker, there are two major functions of theme. Firstly, it connects to the previous discourse, pointing out the direction of progression. Secondly, it serves as a starting point to connect the previous parts and make contribution to what comes next. And rheme is what the speaker wants the listeners to know. It is rheme that realize the communicative purpose.
The theme-rheme division developed by Halliday is applicable to both English and Chinese as the latter was the first language Halliday investigated in detail (Martin et al, 2010: 1). Many scholars believed that theme-rheme division can be used in describing the characteristics of Chinese (Fang, 1989;Liu, 2010;Cao, 2011;Baker, 1992: 141). Some scholars made detailed analysis on the difference between theme-rheme and topic-comment of the Chinese language. However, since this study was aimed to explore the possible interpreting strategy, focusing mainly on the semantics and information flow, and not grammatical detail, this paper will only consider theme-rheme as the generic way of division of the sentence.
The theme is seen as the Given information while the rheme as New information. (Halliday, 2008: 93) In translation, rheme, because it is the new information (something the speaker would want the listeners to know in the discourse) is the core of the information. (Baker, 1992: 131-132) This is not only significant to translation, but also to interpreting. This implies that the interpreter should focus on the information of the rheme in order to convey the message.
Based on the distribution of the Given and New information in the text, there are different structures of thematic progression (Daneš, 1978: 188;Nord, 2005: 117). There are mainly three basic structures of theme-rheme. (1) If the communicative dynamism of a text is linear, which means the rheme of the previous sentence becomes the theme of the next sentence; the structure of thematic progression is "R1--T2". (Tan, 2001: 15) (2) The theme of the previous sentence continues to be the theme of the next sentence, which means one theme with several rhemes, with the structure of "Tl--T2". (Tan, 2001: 15) (3) The theme of the sentence combines with the rheme to be the theme of the next sentence, with the structure of "T1+R1--T2". (Tan, 2001: 16) These three thematic structures are the most basic, which could develop more complicated theme-rheme structures. (Zhu, 1997: 12;Hu, 1994: 144-145) In interpreting, these three types of thematic structures are with different levels of difficulty. Therefore, different strategies may be applied.

An Interim Model of Consecutive Interpreting of Beijing Historical and Cultural Speeches
Based on the analysis above, texts type, theme-rheme structure, and concept are all the factors of the speech delivered by the speakers that could be detected directly by the interpreter. They could also all play a role affecting the strategy of interpreting. In this section, the author will establish an interpreting strategy model and try to analyze the strategy accordingly. The general idea of this model is to develop a model of interpreting strategy that makes the passive reception of input of the speaker into an active strategy on the part of the interpreter by detection of the speech type, theme-rheme structure, logical connections and concepts. This implies that, however brief and rough it might be, the interpreter can have certain strategy planning for the incoming segment of speech.

Interpreting Strategy Model in General
One assumption of this model is that the conversion of the speech into another language happens almost at same time with the listening. And consecutive interpreting only allows the production of the interpreted speech to be made later when it is the turn of the interpreter.
Box A indicates the first segment of the speech for the interpreter to identify the speech type, theme-rheme structure and concept. Since this is not just about an exercise of listening comprehension, the interpreter should be able to interpret at the same time. Therefore, identifying the three elements should also be a process of interpreting, and being able to reflect those in the interpretation.
However, this is only an ideal model of interpreting strategy, with only acoustic input to the interpreter, without considering the environmental and situational input, whereas in reality, the interpreter may have access to other resources, such as speech draft, slides, etc.
In theory, "First segment of speech" can be of any length before the speaker gives the turn to the interpreter. However, the shorter this "first segment", the quicker the interpreter will be in an active state of interpreting the speech. Of course, if the "first segment" is too short, it may not truly reflect the whole picture of the speech. Thus, it may involve much risk on the part of the interpreter to make judgment too soon. Therefore, the interpreter may be constantly sensitive to the information flow.
While the interpreter is detecting the speech type and theme-rheme structure, he/she is also constantly monitoring the logical connections, which, together with Box G--concept, form the theme-rheme structure.
In reality, it is possible to get to know the speech type beforehand by getting to know the nature of the conference and the title of the speech, which greatly lowers the effort of identifying the speech type. It is also possible to lower the effort of identifying concept by previewing relevant conference materials, such as drafts or outlines of speeches, slides of the speakers, papers of the conference, etc. The preparation can be done before the speech is delivered, even before the conference. This gives room for more processing capacity, which can be focused on dealing with logical connections in general and theme-rheme structure.

Detailed Consecutive Interpreting Model
While Figure 1 illustrates a model of consecutive interpreting strategy in general, Figure 2 presents a more detailed model of consecutive interpreting strategy. The basic framework of the detailed model is the same as the previous one, while more details of each box are included in the model, which may be helpful in shedding some light on the plan of interpreting strategy.
In this model, the Box C--speech type--is followed by detailed types according to the classification of Jones (2008), i.e., reasoned logical argument, narrative speech, persuasive speech, and rhetorical speech. Box E--Theme-Rheme structure--is followed by the three types discussed in the previous section, i.e., T1--T2, R1--T2, and T1+R1-T2. And Box F--logical connections in general is followed by two types of logical connections: Explicit logical connective words, such as "because", "as a result", etc. The other type of logical connection is implicit, which could happen in the Chinese language featured with connection by the sense instead of connective words. Box G--concepts--is followed by three basic types of concepts, the classification is relevant to the consecutive interpreting strategy: (1) easy to understand and interpret, which happens to some of concepts that belongs to common knowledge; (2) easy to understand, difficult to interpret, which happens a lot to some of the culturally specific items; (3) difficult to understand, which happens to some professional concepts or difficult terms as common knowledge to the speaker and listener but perhaps unknown to the interpreter.

Strategy Analysis Based Upon the Models
The key to the strategy of interpreting is to "juggle" each part of the processing capacity in Gile's Efforts Model in order to keep a balance of the total available capacity. In this sense, some proposals to try to minimize the required processing capacity can be made based on the models of consecutive interpreting in this paper and Gile's Efforts Models.
To be fully prepared before the interpreting process can be very important. This includes analyzing the title of the speech to identify the possible speech type, and figuring out the key concepts with the slides, outline of the draft of speech, etc. In this way, the required processing capacity for Box A and Box G can be greatly reduced, leaving more available capacity to Box F and Box E.
When some concept, or other message, once said by the speaker, however downplayed, is no longer new information. Therefore, the interpreter, especially student interpreter, should be fully aware of it, and get used to this as quickly as possible. For instance, some repeated concept should be interpreted properly by the interpreter upon hearing it for the first time. And when it is repeated, it should not be treated as new information, in order to lower the processing capacity for this piece of information as much as possible. since the production of consecutive interpreting is due only when the speaker completes a section of the speech, there is some time left for the interpreter to deal with the proper interpretation.
More attention should be given to the new information, or the rheme. Because rheme is what follows theme, and because the interpreter waits until the speaker finishes in consecutive interpreting, it is possible for the interpreter to focus on rheme.
When the concept of the speech is easy, more attention should be given to the logic of the speech. This is not only about the general logic, but also the local logic.
When the concept of the speech is difficult, more attention should firstly be given to the understanding and interpretation of the concept in order to successfully interpret.
When both the concept and the logic of the speech are difficult, more attention should be given to the logic in order to follow the speaker.

Strategy Analysis of the Cases of Beijing Historical and Cultural Speeches Based Upon the Models
The models and strategies proposed in this paper can be applied to Beijing historical and cultural speeches. There are three cases as follows: (1) Information structure analysis The first case is a speech of a tour guide briefing visiting school children on the story of the Forbidden Palace. The general difficulty level is low.
The structure of the first several sentences is as follows. (2) Analysis of the strategy Based on the consecutive interpreting model, firstly, this is detected to be a narrative speech upon hearing the first segment. It seems that the concepts in the speech are easy to understand and interpret, with much environmental information as clues. Therefore, it is possible for the interpreter to focus on the "new information" and the logic of the speech.
It is noticeable that R1≈ R2. However, there are a number of different rhemes, indicating much new information in the speech centered on the topic of the layout of the pavilion. The sentences are mainly short and very different from idiomatic English structure. Thus in consecutive interpreting, the strategy could be focused on understanding the logic of the speech and the production accordingly in a relatively idiomatic way in English, arranging the production according to the typical English theme-rheme structure.
If necessary, it is possible to leave out certain less important details or what can be inferred. For instance, "打开以后呀， 四面通风" literally translated, as "When they are opened, draught is able to come in from the four directions". "When they are opened" can be inferred from the context because only by doing so can draught comes in from the four directions. Therefore, this can be left out.
(3) Comments on the strategy This type of Beijing historical and cultural speech featured a typical Chinese language, with short sentences and lots of rhemes; this speaker asked questions severally to maintain interaction with the listeners. If the interpreter is to preserve the original Chinese "taste" of the short sentences and follow the speaker's style of maintaining interaction while interpreting, then the production may not sound like idiomatic English. In consecutive interpreting, it is possible to "sort out" more idiomatic English because the interpreter gets the chance to listen to a complete segment of the speech. Of course, it is possible that certain occasions require the preservation of this Chinese "taste" and the interactive sense if the speaker waits for the interpreter to take the turn.
The structure of the first several sentences is as follows. (2) Analysis of the strategy Based on the consecutive interpreting model, similar to Case 1, this case is also a narrative speech of Beijing culture and history upon hearing the first segment. The concepts are relatively more difficult than in Case 1, which implies that more attention or processing capacity needs to be allocated to the understanding of the concepts.
In the first several sentences, R3≈T4, there are many different themes and rhemes, with implicit logical connections. In this segment of the speech, there is a lot of ancient Chinese quotation, followed by an explanation by the speaker. Only one of the two (explanation and quotation) is required to be interpreted since the explanation is virtually the same as the quotation. In effect, it relieves much of the processing capacity.
Similar to Case 1, the segment of the speech is featured with short sentences and many rhemes, to interpret them into idiomatic English; information on several sentences could be gathered into one sentence.
(3) Comments on the strategy The way the speaker delivers the speech represents a traditional structure of academic explanations on historical issues, by foreshadowing the topic and illustrating with relevant historical texts with explanation and interpretation of the text. The structure of illustration is quite different from the English textual structure, and may be difficult to listeners without prior knowledge of the Chinese language. However, there seems to be few ways of adapting the whole structure of the text interpretation except for minor adjustment of the order of phrases and clauses in the sentence. It seems that what the interpreter is able to do is to work hard at the sentence level and try to make every sentence as clear as possible.
Case 3  (1) Information structure analysis This third case was an academic speech on city construction and preservation of cultural relics given by the Director of the Palace Museum. It featured more abstract concepts and difficult logic.
The structure of the first several sentences is as follows.

R5
(2) Analysis of the strategy Based on the consecutive interpreting model, upon hearing the first segment of the speech, it is known that the speech type is reasoned logical argument. The concept here is difficult for two reasons. Firstly, there are are many concepts included in this speech segment, some being enumerations, challenging the processing capacity of the interpreter. Secondly, there is a logical relationship between concepts, for instance, some are parallel, such as "书画、 铜器、 玉器、 瓷器", literally translated as "painting and calligraphy, bronzeware, jadeware, procelain", and some are subordinate, such as the "书画、铜 器、玉器、瓷器" and "可移动文物", literally translated as "painting and calligraphy, bronzeware, jadeware, procelain" and "portable antiquities". Thus, understanding the concept is very much relevant to understanding the logic in this case.
It is possible that not all concepts in enumeration are interpreted because of the limited processing capacity. As "painting and calligraphy, bronzeware, jadeware, procelain" are parts of "portable antiquities", the latter should be strategically more important in interpreting.
Analyzing the theme-rheme structure, it is found that T2, T3, T4/T5 are mainly the same thing, indicating cultural relics. Therefore, there is a focused theme with several different rhemes; the information structure is relatively easy to grasp.
(3) Comments on the strategy The structure of this example is basically in line with English textual structure of reasoned logical argument. The structure may be easier for the listener to understand, as the structure is familiar. What is difficult is that the relationship between concepts is abstract, same with logic, which requires the interpreter to be able to understand the more abstract terms and logic.

Findings and Discussions
Based upon the analysis of the models and cases, several findings can be discussed as follows.
The Models can only be served as reference and they illustrate the general principle of interpreting strategy. Application of the Models and strategies should be dependent upon concrete cases.
The key for the strategy of consecutive interpreting is to minimize the required processing capacity as much as possible. In other words, it is to try to minimize the required processing capacity at any given point as much as possible.
In the analysis of the models and the cases, it was found out that there are several things the interpreter can do to reduce the required processing capacity at any given time. For example, the Beijing cultural and historical speeches are featured with culturally specific items, which may require much processing capacity. What's more, those culturally specific items may not be properly anticipated in the process of interpreting. Therefore, in order to reduce the processing capacity needed, preparation beforehand is a must.
Based on the analysis of the cases, it seems possible that abstract terms go hand in hand with more complicated logic, which makes it exceptionally challenging. Therefore, it is necessary for the interpreters to make continuous improvement on the understanding of the logic of various different speeches.
The theme-rheme structure is one of the three basic types. However, the structure proposed here is only a means of identifying the given and the new information. In the case of the interpreter, it is not necessary to know exactly what belongs to the theme or the rheme in practice; only a focus on the new information is required.
It seems that the narrative speeches of Beijing history and culture is far more than just a difficult concept. The thematic structure is too complicated, with different rhemes in short sentences, a prominent feature of traditional Chinese language. In interpreting, though little room is left for the interpreter who has to make an interpreting decision on the spot, it is a must to interpret to an acceptable English, at least at the sentence level.
In the case of the academic speech of Beijing history and culture, presumably, it is more difficult than the narrative speech, with more abstract terms and logic. However, the thematic structure is clear and close to those in English structure. Therefore, with adequate comprehension ability, it can be less difficult to interpret, while focusing on and paying attention to the concept and logic.

Conclusion and Limitations
The questions asked at the beginning of the paper were: 1. What are the potential challenging points in Chinese-English consecutive interpreting of Beijing historical and cultural speeches? 2. What are the possible strategies to meet the challenges in Beijing historical and cultural speeches? 3. To what extent are the strategies viable in interpreting practice and exercise? Table 1 presents an illustration on the three questions. The strategy models are the ideal type of models, without considering the occurrence of interruptions (for instance, the saturation of the processing capacity). Therefore, further refinement of the model is needed in the future.
There are future questions yet to be answered in this study: (1) How to measure the difficulty level of Chinese texts? (2) Can theme and rheme of the Chinese texts correspond with the English in the interpreters' version? (3) What will happen to the models if language ability is a variable, such as the students who are in the process of developing both the language ability and interpreting skills?

Case 1
The pavilion opens the doors at the four sides. Why does it have to do that? Imagine this. If a square without doors has a person in it, what Chinese character does it form? The character "qiu", literally means "prisoner", right? Of course the emperor does not want to live as a prisoner, therefore, he wants the door open at the four sides. When they are opened, draught is able to come in from the four directions. But, what is its real purpose? Just like what is said, when the emperor was holding grand ceremonies, did he just go up to the front? Actually, he came from the back of the palace to the front, having a rest for a while and enjoying a cup of tea there. The protocol officers were all on their knees at the grand ceremonies in Ming Dynasty.
Case 2 Tang Dynasty also suffered heavily from the disaster of the consort kin. Next I am going to talk about the Tang Dynasty. The most famous person of the Tang Dynasty was WU Zetian. Wu Zetian gave important posts to the people of her parents' family, the consort kin. Later, there was a turbulent situation changing. Killing WU, something relevant to WU. I am not making comments on the person WU Zetian. However, she said words that are worth aftertaste a lot. I am giving you three examples. The first sentence is "it is me who give you official posts and wealth." Then, are you obedient to me or not? The second sentence is "people under the sun live and work in contentment. It is me who provide for you." You put the cart before the horse. It was people under the sun who provided for you. How come that you provided for the people? The third sentence is " I can kill those who go against me." That shows typical autocracy of centralized feudal monarchy. When she wanted to get the real power, she took advantage of the people of the WU family to make a bigger upheaval in the court. What was the result then? The result was that the WU family, the consort kin, was retaliated by the history. Coffins were cleaved. Corpse were exposed. Tombs were exhumed. That was the ending of the WU family.
Case 3 There are three takeaways from the practice of preservation of the great ruins and the construction of archaeological parks. Firstly, cultural heritage deserves respect in this new era. The portable antiquities, such as painting and calligraphy, bronzeware, jadeware, and procelain, have been recognized for the cultural significance in real life and carefully protected. People should also be aware of the cultural significance of the immovable cultural relics such as ancient architecture, archaeological site, historical streets and historic towns and villages. And they should be made the most beautiful and desirable place in the city, bringing about spiritual pleasure and cultural inspiration. Only in this way can the cultural relics get respect. Secondly, the work of cultural heritage should be included in socio-economic development. Preservation of cultural relics should not just be treated as the job of some professional sector and industry. It should be understood by more sectors and the general public. Through the achievements of preservation practice, preservation of cultural relics should be made into a positive force promoting socio-economic development. Thirdly, the achievements of preservation of cultural relics should benefit the public. Only when the local people get tangible benefit from the preservation will they be dedicated to the support, supervision and involvement of preservation of cultural relics, which in turn benefit the public even more.