Evaluation of Fixed Oil, Seed Extracts, of Carum carvi L

Carum carvi L. was used traditionally in different populations for many medical complains. The seeds are used for culinary purposes and medicinal treatment. The study was aimed to investigate the chemical composition of fixed oil of Carum carvi L. (seeds). The oil was extraction by petroleum ether (60-80°C) using a Soxhlet apparatus. Carum carvi L. seeds oil showed 4.5% yield of fixed oil. The oil of Carum carvi L. seeds were Extract has been investigated by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR) and Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) techniques Total of eight compounds were detected for petroleum ether oil extract. From the eight identified constituents, representing 100% of the oilthe most main abundant compounds detected were L-Fenchone (55.01%); p-Methoxy benzaldehyde (19.15%) and pMethoxy allyl benzene (9.46%). Carum carvi L. seeds are rich sources of oils containing diverse group of phytochemicals.


Introduction
The value of natural products in the treatment of ailments is well-known. Amongst the various natural sources, plants are an important source of bioactive constituents. More than 1000 plant species are known for their anticancer potential. The use of plant compounds as prototypes of new drugs has a historical and economic importance. Some plants extracts were defined as effective in treating cancer, there action was attributed to additional or synergistic effect of compounds present in the extract. In consequence, the cytostatic effect of the extract observed in tumor cells seems to be more effective than the effect of isolated and biologically active compounds [1].
Carum carvi L. belonging to the family: Apiaceae, is one of the earliest cultivated herbs in Asia, Africa and Europe. In folk medicine, this plant is used as a carminative for stomach disorders, diarrhea, and colic, as well as particularly in veterinary medicine [2].
Caraway has a long history of use as a household remedy especially in the treatment of digestive complaints where its antispasmodic action soothes the digestive tract and its carminative action relieves bloating caused by windand improves the appetite [3], [4], [5]. It is often added to laxative medicines to prevent griping [4]. The seed is antiseptic, aromatic, anaesthetic, anodyne, antianxiety, diuretic, mildly expectorant, fungicidal, muscle relaxant, soporific, tonic, emmenagogue, expectorant, galactogogue and stimulant [3], [6]. It can be chewed raw for the almost immediate relief of indigestion and can also be made into infusions. The seed is also used in the treatment of bronchitis and are an ingredient of cough remedies, especially useful for children and for mothers for increasing breast milk. A tea made from the seeds is a pleasant stomachic and carminative, it has been used to treat flatulent colic [6], [7]. The seed is used in Tibetan medicine where it is considered to have an acrid taste and a heating potency. It is used to treat failing vision and loss of appetite [8]. An essential oil from the seed is used in perfumery, for scenting soap, as a parasiticide etc. [9]. Also C. carvi are used in traditional Sudanese medicine and other folk medicines as a carminative, since it is effective against spasmodic gastrointestinal complaints, flatulence, irritable stomach, indigestion, lack of appetite, and dyspepsia in adults [10].

Plant Materials
The Caraway (

Extraction of Oil
Air-dried seeds of Caraway (Carum carvi L.), was separately powdered and extracted with 1 L ofpetroleum ether (60-80°C) using a Soxhlet apparatus. This process of extraction was repeated for 6h, thepetroleum ether distilled out by distillation assembly, then concentrated by hot plate drying and air-drying at temperature of 40±2°C.
Yield % = (weigh of extract/weigh of sample) X 100

Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR) Analysis
Principle: Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR) is perhaps themost powerful tool for identifying the types of chemical bonds (functional groups) present in compounds. The wavelength of light absorbed is characteristic of the chemical bond as can be seen in the annotated spectrum. By interpreting the infrared absorption spectrum, the chemical bonds in a molecule can be determined.
Assay: Fixed oil was used for FTIR analysisusing KBr disk methodology. 1 mg of sample was encapsulated in 100 mg of KBr pellet in order to prepare translucent sample discs. The liquid sample of plant specimen was loaded in FTIR spectroscope (Shimadzu, IR Affinity 1, Japan), with a scan range from 400 to 4000 cm -1 with a resolution of 4 cm -1 . Each analysis was repeated ten times for the spectrum confirmation.

GC-MS Analysis
GC-MS technique was used in this study to identify the phytocomponents present in the most active fractions. The tested extracts were analyzed by GC-MS using Shimadzu Mass Spectrometer-2010 series. 1 µL of sample was injected in GC-MS equipped with a split injector. The MS was operated in the electron ionization (EI) mode (70 eV). Helium was employed as the carrier gas and its flow rate was adjusted to 1.2 mL/min. The analytical column connected to the system was an Rtx-5 capillary column (length-30 m × 0.25 mm i. d., 0.25 µm film thickness). The column head pressure was adjusted to 93.9 kPa. Column temperature programmed from 110°C (7 min

Results and Discussion
Carum carvi L. oil has the low yield percentage with petroleum ether solvent shown in Table (1).

FTIR Analysis
The FTIR spectrum was used to identify the functional groups of the chemical components present in the tested fractions based on the peak value in the region of infrared radiation. Fixed oil of Carum carvi L. its FTIR spectrum confirmed the presence of alkynes, alkenes, alkanes, carboxylic acids, esters, ethers, carbonyls, carboxylic acids, H-bonded alcohols and phenols and other compounds Shown in table (2) and Figure (2) show FT-IR spectra of Carum carvi L. fixed oil.

GC-MS Analysis
The results pertaining to GC-MS analysis lead to the identification of number of compounds. These compounds were identified through mass spectrometry attached with GC. The mass spectrometer analyzes the compounds eluted at different times to identify the nature and structure of these compounds. Interpretation of mass spectrum GC-MS was conducted using the database of National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The name, molecular weight and structure of the components of the test materials were ascertained, the components identified by the GC-MS are illustrated in tables (3). and Figure (3) show GC-MS spectra of Carum carvi L. fixed oil.
Themass spectrographs of the identified constituents are given in Figure 4 to 11 the relative amount of individual components wascalculated based on GC peak areas.         Most drugs bind to appropriate receptor molecules to exert their pharmacological actions, which inherently related chemical structure of that drug. Any changes in the functional groups in a drug molecule can render significant changes in the activity and toxicity. This phenomenon is the basis of any structure-activity-relationship (SAR) study [21]. In the current study various functional groups were observed in the selected plants fractions. These functional groups are most likely responsible for all chemical and biological characteristics of these fractions. The functional group diversity showed in the test leads to many different in biological activity and the Nutritional properties. IR spectrum was a clue in choosing the compounds suggested from the GC-MS library, (compounds with certin functional groups which were not confirmed by FTIR were excluded). No conflict was observed between these spectroscopic techniques.
The study of the terpene 6 (L-Fenchone) can be a better skin penetration enhancer than other terpenes used in this study to increase the transport of a protein in a transdermal formulation.

Conclusion
According to the results obtained in this study, the following general conclusion can be derived a) Sudanese Carum carvi L. seeds are rich sources of oils containing diverse group of phytochemicals. b) The fixed oil of Carum carvi L. btained by soxhlate method was extracted using petroleum ether (60-80) solvent and the yield of oil (4.5%). c) GC-MS analysis of Carum carvi L. revealed the presence of well-known chemical compound in the sample. d) According to GC-MS, Carum carvi L. oil seeds is rich sources of L-Fenchone compound (55.01%) and p-Methoxy benzaldehyde compound (19.15%).