Determination of Solar Energy for the Bioclimatic Design of Housing in the City of Juliaca Peru

Solar energy is an inexhaustible source, clean and does not pollute the environment being a resource that can be used. The objective of this research work is to determine solar energy for the bioclimatic design of houses in the city of Juliaca for two systems: solar photovoltaic for the generation of electric power and solar thermal for water heating. In the development of this project the daily measurement for three months of the solar irradiation was made with a solar measuring instrument MAC-SOLAR Solarimeter SLM018c-2, where the Peak Sun Hours (HSP) were determined with the methodology of negative asymmetric distribution of 6.632 kwh/m/day and an average irradiation value of 1110.04 w/m in the city of Juliaca, with an optimum time interval from 9:00 am to 3:00 pm irradiation during the day, which has allowed modeling the behavior of solar energy for the design of a photovoltaic and thermal solar system; In addition, an experimental radiant floor module has been built in a bioclimatic room, which by recirculation of hot water through the floor reaches an average temperature of 20.93oC from 6:00 am to 9:00 pm, being within the zone of comfort of the Givoni Psychometric Diagram and the Peruvian Technical Standard (NTP).


Introduction
The present investigation refers to the subject of the determination of solar energy for the bioclimatic design of houses in the city of Juliaca, where research is carried out regarding the cold problems in the city of Juliaca, and the bioclimatic design of homes with systems photovoltaic and thermal in the city of Juliaca. Addressing issues of photovoltaic and thermal solar energy, solar irradiation, solar tilt angle, hour angle, bioclimatic design and underfloor heating; to then continue with the methodology of the investigation using the information obtained during three months of research of solar irradiation and temperature, taking it to a statistical analysis of negative asymmetric distribution to approximate the maximum solar HSP curve and obtaining a mathematical model. With these results are applied in the experimental construction of a photovoltaic and thermal solar system, in addition to implementing an experimental room in the city of Juliaca where a radiant floor is installed achieving adequate comfort in an experimental room in the city of Juliaca.
Renewable energies in the world represent more than 20%, solar energy being the fourth based on the principle of the photoelectric effect for the generation of electricity and the thermosyphon effect for the heating of water, this energy would represent in 2050 between the 8 and 15% of electricity worldwide. Not being a short and medium term complete alternative [1].
In Belgium in a study carried out on 1500 residential photovoltaic solar installations to evaluate the energy production in terms of solar irradiation, where the measurement of solar irradiation was carried out in the network of radiometric stations controlled by the Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium; the study concludes that the efficiency of photovoltaic solar installations depends on the climatological factors, the density, the horizontal and vertical orientation of the solar panels, when there is low solar elevation, the author mentions that the method does not produce a valid estimate in Alimeninas facilities [2]. Using the methodology of the Geographic Information System (GIS) in the province of Salta Argentina, to determine solar irradiation with data from satellite applications of Terrestrial Surface Analysis (LSA) on a daily, monthly and annual basis for seven years for the taking of decisions on renewable energy policies; GIS was also used in urban-scale buildings in the provinces of Italy to assess solar irradiation, considering the international standard (ISO 13790: 2008) proposed by the Italian standard using the methodology of topographic maps or digital land models. superficial ones that can be processed by the (GIS) [3,4]. To predict the solar irradiation of an experimental 1Mw solar power plant in Odisha, India; We developed a Robust Extreme Learning Machine based on a low range kernel, with ranges of 15 min, 1 hour and 1 day, based on the method of decomposition in empirical mode, where solar irradiation was determined in diverse climatic conditions, comparing these results with the solar power plant located in Florida [5]. Comparing different existing methodologies of calculation principles for the determination of operating parameters in solar panels such as: Power in vacuum, with load, voltage in vacuum, with load, current with load, in short circuit and others; the author compares this methodology with the quantum method of quantity of energy loss to take it to a simulation and evaluate the effect of solar irradiation and temperature on the performance of photovoltaic solar panels to plot the maximum power point with various tests [6]. In a study conducted to determine solar irradiation using various weather stations of the Republic of Croatia to then compare them with satellite images and measurements on the land surface by private stations, reaching results that vary from (3 -24)% according to the Weather Station; these results can be used for the design of photovoltaic solar power plants by reducing energy imports in Croatia, guaranteeing a sustainable environmental development [7]. Using the methodology for stochastic persistence, without the need to use historical data, this method is based on the use of a few variables measured in a few hours, to process this information in an automatic statistical analysis or selflearning to persist in the processing of data in an additive or multiplicative way, thus determining the global solar irradiation, validating these results with the experimental measurements made in Ajaccio -France and Tilos -Greece; being an efficient and fast way to determine solar irradiation [8].
In the modern world, buildings represent 40% of the total energy consumed and represent 30% of polluting gases contributing to the greenhouse effect, which is why it is necessary to use energy efficient alternatives such as renewable energy for heating, cooling and hot water, reducing the use of fossil fuels for power generation [9].
It is important to mention that [10], developed a work entitled: Analysis of performance and energy benefits of a desiccant based solar assisted trigeneration system in a building; where a large-scale solar trigeneration system with solar desiccant air conditioning has been installed in a public center in Australia. For the period of analysis from August 2012 to July 2013, the hot water before solar domestic heating has provided in approximately total 47600 kwh of energy, saving 5000 m 3 of gas. This represents 21 % of the total energy use for domestic hot water. In addition to the housing built for low-income people in the city of Mexicali for being an area with a very high average temperature of 40ºC in the summer, adopting the technology of cross ventilation with the use of renewable energy [11]. In research conducted in Thailand in a bioclimatic housing on the roof and wall reducing the temperature of (1 -2)ºC using the double layer solar chimney [12]. Bioclimatic design is a sustainable concept that considers the climate and the relationship with human beings in a means of preserving the environment [13]. Bioclimatic design strategies have been proposed for decades, on a qualitative basis, because a quantitative approach, inescapably based on dynamic measurements or simulations, was too expansive and complex, if the simulation evolved considerably, in recent years, in terms of speed, cost and diffusion of available tools, its use is still complicated by the administration of a large amount of data per hour [14]. In a project carried out to measure the solar irradiation with the voltage, current and temperature parameters with a photovoltaic module using an Integral Proportional (PI) controller on a dSpace 1104 plate [15].
In relation to this work [16], entitled: East to West -The optimum angle of inclination and the orientation of the photovoltaic panels from a perspective of the electrical system; the compensation between energy losses and possible reductions in system costs for status Q and to increase PV actions in the system is evaluated. The wholesale market value of the reductions in PV and potential fuel and CO2 cost through the implementation of PV for various tilt angles and orientations in 23 regions of Austria and Germany was analyzed using data on the prices of the electricity and the use of an electricity dispatch model for large PV operations.
Considering solar energy as an effective, economical and safe energy resource, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the Inner Mongolia Plateau and other plateau areas that are rich in solar energy resources have the potential to develop and utilize solar energy resources on a large scale. In addition, solar thermal and photovoltaic technologies have been widely applied in buildings due to the rapid development of solar energy technologies and the gradual reduction of the cost of solar energy equipment. The use of solar energy resources in the study area is efficiently integrated in recent years [17].
In the last decade, Spain was one of the countries that most actively promoted the generation of electricity with renewable energy sources. This positioned the country, in 2008 and 2009, as the first in solar thermal capacity in the world (and fourth in wind power) and one of the main producers of photovoltaic energy. During this time, the expansion of these technologies was driven by quite favorable regulations, which included a series of subsidies for investments and a system for the stability of sale prices. However, government budget deficits, together with the deficit in the electricity sector, caused a progressive reversal of this type of policies that had previously been the motors of renewable energies [18]. Finally, in relation to the latter, we mention [19], with his work entitled: Energy Perspectives of Spain: A review of the photovoltaic potential and the export of energy; where Spain has made efforts in support and development of solar energy for the generation of electrical energy in a sustainable manner to meet the future of energy and its related environmental challenges. However, it is in fact destabilizing and without a preceding economic crisis, which has prompted the government to block photovoltaic incentives and slow down the growth of the solar energy sector.
The increasing use of solar energy in the world thanks to the Standard Measurement Conditions (CEM), we observe an average solar irradiation in Malaysia of 1004w / m2 within the Atmosphere [20], observing in Latin America in the country of Uruguay a solar irradiation of 1002 w/m 2 [21] and in the research that was done in northern Mexico with a maximum solar irradiation of 5 kwh/m 2 /day [22]. To estimate the annual mean of daily solar irradiation in mountainous plateau regions, observed data from 15 radiation stations were used to validate different methods of empirical estimation on the Tibetan plateau, to achieve better performance, the Ångström model was improved using the altitude and pressure of water vapor as main factors [23]. To determine the solar irradiation without using very expensive resources, a south-facing thermal box inclined at 26.5 ° from the horizontal was used for the measurements of solar radiation, in addition, the recorded solar radiation data was recovered for the location of the study and were used to develop a fourth order derived polynomial empirical correlation related the fuzzy fraction with the clarity index, the components of diffuse and reflected solar radiation were essential in the prediction of the total solar radiation on the inclined surface [24].

Location
The research project was carried out in the city of Juliaca, province of San Román department of Puno in Peru. Located in latitude south 15º 29 '27 ", longitude west 70º 07' 37" with an altitude of 3824msnm.

Materials
To measure the Solar Irradiation, a portable MAC-SOLAR SLM018c-2 measuring instrument of German origin was used, a 100 w mono crystalline solar photovoltaic module, a 140 liter solar vacuum tube thermometer, electric pump for hot water recirculation, PT-100 sensor, temperature controller and an experimental floor heating module.

Methodology
Data obtained from the Solar Irradiation measurement, during 3 months (July, August and September) of the year 2017, every day from 6:00 am to 5:00 pm with an interval of 30 minutes between each data, considering the average 3month global to apply this Distribution method, we will determine if it has a Symmetric (Gaussian Bell) or Asymmetrical distribution: For this we will use the Karl Pearson Coefficient method: Where: = Arithmetic average Md = Fashion S = Standard deviation Where the Pearson Coefficient is: Note: The Pearson coefficient varies between -3 and 3. As < 0 The Distribution will be Negative Asymmetric.
As = 0 The distribution will be symmetric. As > 0 The distribution will be positive asymmetric. Then the Distribution is Negative Asymmetric. We generate Table 1, to determine the Optima Frequency, in which the Solar Irradiation is equal to or greater than 1000 w/m 2 .  Figure 1, which looks like the Negative Asymmetric distribution. Based on the Negative Asymmetric distribution, we will use Excel to determine this distribution: Where: IPS = Average Solar Radiation (w/m 2 ) = Data

Results
Using a Solar Irradiation measuring instrument (MAC-SOLAR Radiometer); where a maximum solar radiation of 1291 w/m 2 was observed being 11:45 am in the city of Juliaca in the month of September of the year 2017 and an average solar irradiation of 1010.04 w/m 2 between 9:00 a.m. 3:00 p.m., which is enough for a photovoltaic solar panel to work efficiently because the photovoltaic cells need a solar irradiation of 1000 w/m 2 .
In addition, based on the SENAMHI (National Service of Meteorology and Hydrology of Peru); the annual average solar incident solar energy of the years (1975 -1990), observed in the city of Juliaca, showing the dark yellow zone in figure 4 with values between (6 -6.5) kwh/m 2 /day; with solar irradiation higher than this value in the city of Juliaca de (HSP) 6.623 kwh/m 2 /day.    Figure 5 shows the behavior of the temperature in the blue line without using a radiant floor for three days, averaging 17.07°C during the day. In addition you can observe the orange line where the behavior of the temperature is observed using radiant floor that is higher in approximately (4-5)°C obtaining an average of 20.93°C.

Discussions
In the study entitled "Performance Study of a Dual-Function Thermosyphon Solar Heating System", performed by [26] to design solar thermal baths, the author considers in a 3-day evaluation a peak Solar Irradiation maximum of 830w/m 2 shown in figure 7, which in the city of Juliaca shows a peak average Solar Irradiation of 1110.04 w/m 2 measured in 3 months; In addition, the author in his research with the design of the Vacuum Tube Solar Collector achieved an efficiency of 73.68%.  Comparing another research done in Mumbai entitled "Impact of Solar Panel Orientation on Large Scale Rooftop Solar Photovoltaic Scenario for Mumbai", conducted by [27], makes a study of Solar Irradiation in the month of February 2015 noting that insolation solar starts from 8:00 and ends at 6:30 p.m., reaching the maximum point of 978 w/m 2 , considering the area of (HSP) from 10:30 am to 1:30 p.m. where it is shown in figure 8 having a working range of 3 Hours; in the city of Juliaca an average working range of 6.5 hours is shown, showing more than double.
In the research entitled "Experimental implementation of meteorological data and photovoltaic solar radiation monitoring system" made by the author [28] where he conducted a study of the potential solar incidence of Russia by evaluating the Solar Radiation peak average per day of 812 w/m 2 which does not reach 1000 w/m2 observed in figure 9, in the city of Juliaca exceeds 1000 w/m 2 in a time interval of 6.5 hours being a potential area for the use of Solar energy. Figure 9. Solar radiation incident by the NOAA satellite [28].
A work entitled "Building integrated solar thermal systems presentation and zoom on the solar potential" [9], carried out in BIST (Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology) in a bioclimatic building with solar energy demonstrates that The peak Solar Irradiation in the month of August is 955 w/m 2 with a symmetrical variation during the day, but in the month of December there is an increase to 1098 w/m 2 peak with an average of 1047 w/m 2 in a range of very short time of 30 min of (HSP) shown in figure 10, which is very little to have a good performance with equipment that work with solar energy; what we mentioned above from the city of Juliaca has a peak average of 1110.04 w/m 2 and a time interval of 6.5 hours (HSP). In the scientific article entitled "Evaluation of downward currents of glass curtain wall buildings with a radiant floor heating system" [29], for this evaluation, a floor heating system was applied to the perimeter zones with different window types modeled using a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation with an initial temperature between (10-16)°C for 24 hours. The results of the simulation show that the temperature difference between the air supplied through the underfloor heating system and the air descending along the cold surface of the window increased between (18)(19)(20)°C shown in the Figure 11, comparing with the research carried out in the experimental room, an average temperature of 20.93°C is reached, demonstrating the increase in temperature thanks to the use of renewable solar energy. Figure 11. Air flow by application of RFHS [29].
In the research entitled "Experimental evaluation of the thermal performance of the radiant heating panels integrated in raised soil" [30], where they compare three types of radiant floor heating integrated to raised floors of different filling materials for the lower insulation of the panel obtaining for five hours temperatures between (20-29) ºC shown in figure 12, with which the radiant floor of this investigation reached values (18.9-21.6) ºC which would be within the comfort zone of [31] and of the NTP.

Conclusions
The variables of solar energy were determined, observing a global average solar irradiation on non-cloudy days without rain of 1110.04 w/m 2 during 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m., which is higher than the Standard Conditions of Measurement. (CEM) of 1000 w/m 2 . With this Solar Irradiation, photovoltaic and thermal systems work efficiently for the design of bioclimatic housing.
With the data obtained from the solar irradiation, the behavior of the solar energy expressed (HSP) of 6.623 kwh/m 2 /day was determined, with this result the photovoltaic and thermal system was designed in the city of Juliaca to implement an experimental module in a room using the radiant floor as a bioclimatic medium to obtain adequate comfort.
In the bioclimatic experimental module, analyzing the results with the temperature sensor installed at 60 cm height from 6:00 am to 9:00 pm, without using the radiant floor, the temperature in the environment is in the range of (15-18.40)°C with an average of 17.07°C and when we use the radiant floor it is in the range of (18.90-21.60)°C with an average of 20.93°C being inside the comfort zone by (NTP) Nº 501 of (17-27)°C and of the Psychometric diagram of Givoni.