Profound Changes of the World and China-US Trade Disputes

We are facing profound changes in the world in the 21st century. Various contradictions in the world become more intensive. Deep globalization has promoted a more integrated and efficient human society. Meanwhile, it has become more unbalanced, uncertain and contradictory. The movement of contradictions in the world tends to go from extremes to opposites. The development of human society will see the emergence of several civilization centers, instead of one civilization center taking the place of another. The current China-US trade disputes is one of the important appear of the profound change. The contradictory movements of China-US economic and trade relations are eternal while constants are relative, but changes in the basic structure of China-US relations will take place over a long period of time. The China-US trade problem is actually an imbalance problem, reflectsing the deep-seated and complex contradictions between developed and emerging developing countries in the global transformation. To solve the current China-US trade war, we need to take a balanced line. The China-US trade problem has accumulated over the past decades, and it will take some time to solve them. A scrutiny of China-US trade disputes in the profound changes of the world and the context of modernization shows that China has been working to address many of the issues of concern, which complies with China’s general direction of reform and opening-up and its goal to achieve all-round modernization. The most important thing both of China-US need to consider is not a win-or-lose outcome, but how to convert the fierce trade war to normal trade disputes and how to obtain a leading position in morals, strategies and tactics in the game between major countries. To this end, methods of balanced thinking need to be adopted for proper handling of five major relationships. We need to understand, tolerate and compromise each other. We need to discuss and negotiate the balanced solutions to the problem. This is the requirement of the law of balance. What is the Profound Changes of the world? What is the essence and reason of the profound changes? How should we deal with such profound changes? How do we view China-US trade disputes in the profound changes of the world. This paper attempts to give a preliminary analysis on these questions. This paper is a special research project of the National Social Science Fund, "Research on the joint development of China", the "one belt and one road" initiative and the United Nations sustainable development agenda.


How to View the Profound Changes in
the World in the 21st Century

The Profound Changes from a Historical Perspective
The world is changing. The change is the movement of the world contradiction. This may be absolute and relative. The essence of the current changes in the world pattern is the possibility of major adjustments in the international community due to various new contradictions in recent years.
The profound changes in the world over the past century mean that various contradictions in the world become more intensive. The international situation is becoming more and more complex and the factors of instability are increasing. But cooperation, normal competition and peaceful development remain the mainstream of the 21st century. By properly handling these contradictions, China is likely to maintain strategic opportunities, promote the great modernization project in an all-round way, realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation and make greater contributions to the healthy development of mankind.
Human society is always developing and changing. Especially in the past six centuries, the development of modern navigation and science and technology has accelerated the transformation of the world. Columbus discovered the New World in 1492 and promoted the global trade revolution. In the 17th century, Renaissance and the Scientific Revolution were in full swing. In the 18th century, emerging countries headed by the United States rose in America. The capitalist revolution of the 19th century had created "more massive and more colossal productive forces than have all preceding generations together" [1]. The socialist revolution of the 20th century produced a socialist camp, and divided our world into the socialist camp and the capitalist camp.
The profound changes in modern history are mainly dominated by Western countries. Industrialization started earlier in Western countries, bringing about a completely different set of game rules. China and many countries that started late in industrialization were basically at a loss and suffered from bullying. Especially in the period of more than 100 years from the 19th century to the first half of the 20th century, China fell prey to the oppression by foreign powers. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, especially since the reform and opening up, China has realized unprecedented development to become an emerging country with increasing global influence. The rise of new technologies, new industries and emerging countries has been rosing influence in profound changes in the 21st century.
The profound changes in the 21st century are bound to become more violent and far-reaching, affecting the fate of mankind and the future of China, because the profound changes in this century have unprecedented characteristics. The first characteristic is the application of intelligence. Artificial intelligence will thoroughly change the way people interact with machines, and then change mankind and society. The second characteristic is that the world is becoming flat, as the information network further mobilizes the people's morale with its butterfly effect. The third characteristic is that the human society will increasingly become a community of shared futures. The fourth characteristic is modernization. Some ancient countries are emerging with late-developing advantages, and with their positions in the global industrial chain being changed, they are becoming new sources of power for global economic growth. China in particular is likely to realize the great goal of modernization in an all-round way.

Fundamental Causes of the Profound Changes
The movement of contradictions is a fundamental reason for the profound changes in the world. The 21st century sees the deep globalization of the world and some new contradictions faced by the human society becoming more and more acute.
The first is the contradiction between human development and shortage of resources. Rapid economic and social development has caused more and more serious challenges such as shortage of resources and population explosion.
Human beings are also facing such problems as climate warming.
The second is the contradiction between developed countries and emerging countries. Those with vested interests are worried that the latter will affect their interests, and will certainly use various means to block the emergence of new forces that they believe will challenge their global control and values.
The third is the contradiction between market integration and political pluralism. The integration of the global market has been further accelerated, the economies of different countries and regions have been organically linked, economic unity and market unity have become increasingly obvious, and the internal consistency of global economy has been enhanced [1]. Meanwhile, political conservatism, trade protectionism and narrow populism are on the rise in the international community, and the incompatibility between ethnic groups in historical tradition, political system and religious beliefs is further manifested.
The fourth is the contradiction between economic integration and cultural pluralism. With the deepening of economic globalization, traditional cultures and customs in some regions are increasingly responding to globalization. Cultural differences, conceptual contradictions and behavioral conflicts are becoming more obvious, and the struggle between globalization and anti-globalization is deepening.
The fifth is the contradiction between information integration and ideological pluralism. With the in-depth research and development of information technology and the development of industrialization, information is spreading faster and faster. Nothing can become obscure in the world. Meanwhile, more and more fragmented information, miscellaneous news, problems, and strange ideas are arising around us. In addition to different ideological systems developed throughout history, the contradiction between information integration and ideological pluralism is becoming more prominent.
The sixth is the contradiction between the globalization of the network and the safety of individual privacy. The Internet links the whole world closely as a whole, and the network has increasingly become an indispensable survival resource and means for enterprises and individuals. Personal information is becoming increasingly insecure. No one opposes the Internet, and no one wants personal information to become common information. To ensure the smooth communication on the Internet without affecting the safety of personal information is a paradox.
The seventh is the contradiction between globalization of resource allocation and personalized consumption demand. Under the influence of the Internet and the Internet of Things, global resources have actually become a system that can be uniformly allocated to promote the development of mass production. Meanwhile, the market space is more and more segmented, consumer demand is more and more subdivided, which is more and more unfavorable to the development of mass production. This is also a contradiction.
The eighth is the contradiction between the standardization of international services and local traditional characteristics. In the process of global integration, international standards and norms have become a common voice and demand of the world. Meanwhile, different countries and regions place special emphasis on local traditional characteristics, which are indeed indispensable condiments for people's lives. How to carry forward the outstanding traditional local characteristics while advocating international standards and norms is another challenge.
The ninth is the contradiction between the equality of human society and the polarity of wealth and income. Under the influence of high and new technology, the world is getting smaller and flatter, and the desire for fairness and justice in human society is getting stronger and stronger. Meanwhile, the global wealth and income gap is widening, the gap between developing and developed countries is widening, the gap between urban and rural areas is widening, and the gap between the poor and the rich is widening. How to fully embody equality and narrow the gap between the rich and the poor in the process of global integration is still an important issue [2].
The tenth is the contradiction between global integration and governance diversification. With the deepening of global integration, global social economy and politics are increasingly becoming an organic whole. However, due to the influence of historical development and social and environmental conditions, the contradictions between the East and the West, the polarization between the North and the South, and the differences between developing and developed countries are more obvious. The changes in the world pattern, geopolitical games and the serious disorder in the international situation have exacerbated the complexity and uncertainty of global governance. Today's world is vitally interrelated, but without global governance, which poses a big problem.
These contradictions accelerate social changes and promote changes in the structure, function, boundary and environment of the human social system, turning originally scattered changes to extensive, intensive and drastic changes, thus transforming the overall outlook of the human society. The figure 1 summeried some new contradictions faced by the human society:

Examining the Changes and Continuities of the Profound Changes
Changes are constant. Changes in the world's contradictory movements are eternal while constants are relative. The essence of the centennial profound changes is the possibility that various new contradictions have recently promoted major adjustments in the international community. This possibility is both absolute and relative. We need to see both changes and constants. As the report of the 19th CPC National Congress stresses, "The world is in a period of great development, profound changes and great adjustments. Peace and development are still the themes of the times". "Socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered a new era, while China's status as the world's largest developing country has not changed." [3] In the process of profound changes, uncertainties and unstable factors have increased, making it more difficult for China to achieve its strategic goals in this century. We are developing and others are also developing. It is still hard to say which country has a better quality of development and whether we can really turn the tables this century. The statement of "profound changes" should be coordinated with the two political judgments of the 19th CPC National Congress, and also with the international political keynote of "coordination, cooperation and stability" stressed by President Xi Jinping at the G20 Osaka Summit. The basic consensus of the international community in judging the world trend is "complex and changeable" and tends to regard China's development as a challenge. Too much publicity on "profound changes" is likely to cause misunderstanding, not conducive to creating a social atmosphere of "keeping calm in the face of challenges, saying less and doing more, and developing steadily". Therefore, we can conduct in-depth internal discussions on the profound changes over the century, while external publicity should be cautious. Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, especially after the reform and opening up, China has made remarkable achievements in the world. Having narrowed the gap with the world's advanced level in some fields, it will make even greater achievements in the future. However, the character and spirit of modesty, continuous learning and self-reliance will never be abandoned. We can say today that the industrial revolution has brought about profound changes lasting one thousand years in the development history of human society. What kind of world will the contradictory movement in the 21st century eventually lead to? This will be best judged by future generations.

Grasping the Trend of the Profound Changes
The profound changes in human society are generally a long process of alternating priorities. Some social phenomena are changes in form rather than fundamental changes. At present, the world pattern and order are undergoing some changes, but fundamental changes are unlikely to occur for a period of time. This pattern and order have played an important role in the recovery and development since the Second World War and will continue to play their role. The United States remains the dominant force in the world pattern and order, while China is a beneficiary, supporter and builder of the current world pattern and order.
The development of human society will see the emergence of several civilization centers, instead of one civilization center taking the place of another. During the revival of the Eastern civilization center, the Western civilization center will still shine brilliantly.
The development of human society follows the pattern of "going from one sect to diversity, and from diversity to unity". The 21st century is a stage in which mankind moves towards unity more and faster, that is, entering a stage of deep globalization. In this process, there will be some eddies, but the world currents are mighty and irreversible. It is possible for human society to integrate organically to form a new unity. This unity is not one dominated by Western civilization, nor is it a unity dominated by Eastern civilization, but a community of shared futures, in which everyone is interdependent.
Deep globalization has promoted a more integrated and efficient human society. Meanwhile, it has become more unbalanced, uncertain and contradictory. In response to such a development trend, human beings need to think in a balanced way and actively explore the establishment of a mechanism of social ecological balance. They attach great importance to "the interaction between human beings and society" and "the interaction between human beings and nature" to ease conflicts and realize balanced, healthy and sustainable development.
The movement of contradictions in the world tends to go from extremes to opposites. The profound changes in the world in the 21st century present both opportunities and challenges for China. China should be self-confident and be unflappable in faces of all kinds of challenges, including the current US trade war against China. We should clearly realize that China is likely to fully realize the great goal of the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, but it is not inevitable or even certain. If China do not grasp the situation well, if China cannot greatly enhance his consciousness of modernization, if China cannot effectively overcome bureaucracy and formalism, and if China cannot turn challenges into opportunities, China may fall into a turmoil similar to that of the French Revolution in 19th century, which may lead to serious division of the country and destructive retrogression in the process of Chinese civilization. Therefore, China must adhere to and improve the leadership of the party, speed up the establishment and improvement of a modern legal system, vigorously strengthen social governance capacity, vigorously promote the motive power for original innovation, firmly safeguard fairness and justice, and balance the relationship between domestic development and international development.

How to View China-US Trade Disputes in the Profound Changes of the World
During the period from the beginning of the trade war provoked by the US to mid-Oct. 2019, China and the US had 13 rounds of high-level negotiations, which have become the most concerned topics in China and the US and hot topics globally. This section made a preliminary analysis in relation to assessment of the current war, perspectives on differences between the two countries, and how to avoid radicalization of China-US trade disputes.

China-US Trade Disputes and Cooperation will Become the Norm
After on-again, off-again talks to resolve a 15-month trade war, China-US may come to a substantial phase one deal by the mid of October 2019. At this phase one deal stage, the two sides have understood each other's intentions and needs. Both used tariffs, which interfered with market psychology to some extent but did not have significant influences on the current economic situation in China and the US [4]. Both have had gains and losses, but neither side has won a sweeping victory or suffered a serious setback. They are attacking each other at their own expense, the so-called "kill one thousand enemies, self-harm eight hundred", The US administration seems to be hailed by some American voters in respect of politics, but costis high that they have shaken the foundation of long-term developmentin the international market. Due to the trade war, the Chinese economy is facing greater pressures and more uncertainties, but it has also undergone an international baptism. The China-US trade war has roiled financial markets, uprooted global supply chains and stoked fears of a global recession, and may result in certain economic losses from 2019 to 2021, or in the medium term. According to Klaus Baader of Societe Generale, if the tariffs remain in place, GDP "can be expected to be hit to the tune of 0.5% in China, 0.25% in the U.S., and 0.15% globally [5]." In the long run, the current war is the prelude to the new normal of China-US trade disputes and cooperation. China-US trade disputes are a long-term, complicated and tortuous process. The disputes are confrontation without fighting, so it is a peaceful process and a regular activity in bilateral relations.
China-US economic and trade relations are important components of China-US relations. The fluctuations in China-US economic and trade relations do have an impact on China-US relations, but it is unlikely to be a significant impact. Changes in the basic structure of China-US relations will take place over a long period of time. The current world structure and order were established after the Second World War under the auspices of the US, which have been in place for over seven decades. Such structure and order played an important role in post-war recovery and development and will continue to play a role. With the development of science, technology and society, under the influence and interaction of various forces, such structure does show some shortcomings. It is undergoing some reform, but it is unlikely that fundamental changes will occur in a short period of time. Considering the comprehensive strength and global strategic layout of the US, the US is still a superpower and it is not in decline. Instead, it has seized historic opportunities and undergone development, so, the US remains the dominant force in the global geopolitical landscape. However, the gap between the US and European countries and other traditional powers is narrowing. So is the gap between some emerging countries and traditional powers. Nonetheless, the narrowing gap has limited influences on the global structure and order [6]. As China is a beneficiary of the existing world structure and order, it is unlikely and unnecessary for China to destroy the existing world structure, not to mention changing the basic structure of China-US relations. As President Xi Jinping pointed out, "No matter how much progress China has made in development, China will not threaten anyone else, attempt to overturn the existing international system, or seek spheres of influence. [7]"

A Scrutiny of China-US Trade War in the Context of Modernization
China-US trade disputes are inevitable. Conflicts between China and the US are natural and unavoidable because they have different political systems, development conditions, market levels, histories and cultures. In the current China-US trade dispute, the US side is mainly concerned with four issues, i.e., trade deficit with China, forced technology transfer, IPR protection, and technology theft [8]. The US indeed has a huge trade deficit with China, which is also considered undesirable by China's macro policy makers. Therefore, the Chinese and US governments have a policy basis for solving this issue. As a developing country, China has absorbed some foreign investment and technology through joint ventures in the process of reform and opening up. Foreign-invested enterprises in China have gained considerable market share in the market competition. These are mainly market behaviors, and it's untruthful to refer to such market behaviors as forced technology transfer. This issue can be addressed with facts and reasoning. With regard to IPR protection, the Chinese government has made continuous efforts, including making specific IPR laws and establishing and implementing a set of laws and regulations for IPR protection. China has made remarkable progress in this area, but it is difficult to resolve all problems, and no country can provide absolute protection in this regard.
Concerning technology theft, there may be some corporate behaviors of concern that shall be addressed on a case-by-case basis, but it is obviously overstatement and irresponsible smear for a country to accuse another of theft because of existence of some corporate behaviors. The world will not believe it. In general, these issues can be resolved through consultations.
If we take a closer look at these issues in the context of China's efforts towards comprehensive modernization [9], one would notice that China has been striving to address these issues and that the resolution of these issues conforms to China's general direction of reform and opening up and its needs to achieve all-round modernization. Therefore, China has a strong negotiation position in relation to these issues; it is possible for China to turn challenges into opportunities. There are at least four reasons to say so.
First, economic and trade balance is an important part of sustainable development. However, it takes time to address the issue of economic and trade imbalance. To achieve fundamental economic and trade balance is an arduous task and goal for the two sides in the next decade or even longer period of time. China's economy and trade are still relatively extensive, with high resource consumption and serious pollution. Most of the exports from China are middle-and low-end products, which are rejected by some importing countries despite their good quality and affordable price, therefore, the gain does not make up for the loss. Why doesn't China make some necessary adjustments according to the laws of economics, the development trend and market requirements? China's GDP may fall to some extent due to recent decline in exports, but it is worthwhile if it accords with the goal of modernization.
Second, a complete industrial structure is an important pillar for China's modernization. This trade war will help China to further improve and strengthen the road to integrated industrialization. As a big country with huge market potential and various needs, China needs to consider industrialization through comprehensive integration in its industrial planning. In addition to vigorously developing high-tech industries, attention should also be paid to developing traditional industries, promoting technological transformation in traditional industries, and developing new-type household manufacturing industry. Consideration shall be given to improving both productivity and employment, and access to both mass markets and niche markets. It is not only inheritance and development of traditional industrial civilization and elements and partial transformation and redirection of traditional economy and society, but also innovation of knowledge and institutional systems, aiming for more intensive and sustainable modes of production and development that are more in line with the natural law and ethics of development. This is China's strategic choice to play its latecomer advantage and catch up with and maintain the advanced level in the world.
Third, independent and original innovation is the fundamental way to maintain sustained economic growth. For a long period of time, China has hoped to exchange market for technology. China may have acquired some technology with market, but it can't acquire core technologies this way for three reasons: First, the developed countries have imposed technology blockades. The leading edge in science and technology of developed countries such as the US, Japan, Germany, France and Italy is the guarantee of continuous exports from these countries, so, they will inevitably prevent the transfer of advanced technologies to China. Second, the technologies in many areas of developed countries are developed in view of their respective national conditions and may not be applicable to China. Since each country faces a different environment, even if China can introduce some technologies, it may not be able to find the necessary technologies to solve the problems in China's economic development. Third, the more advanced the technology, the harder it is to imitate. Technological imitation is essentially a kind of innovation. China is subject to strict technology blockades by Western developed countries, so, there is little likelihood of technological imitation. Moreover, in many fields, there are simply no suitable technologies for China to imitate [10]. Therefore, China is forced to further deepen the reform of the education system and strengthen the planning and construction of the major infrastructure for intelligent society and economy and the service platform for independent and original innovation. Fourth, management system reform is the largest source of potential for China's development. As a developing country, China still has productivity to converge and a promising prospect of scientific and technological progress. In China, it is possible to improve the capital and labor allocation efficiency and enhance the total factor productivity. In another word, China enjoys substantial room for improvement in terms of the efficiency of development and utilization of resources. The key to this is management system reform. It is entirely possible for China to turn this trade war's pressure into a driving force. If the management system is more responsive to the development of the economic base, the governance capacity is improved correspondingly, and a lot of potential positive energy that is conducive to growth can be stimulated to play a role, China will enjoy enviable development prospects. At present, in addition to using the Internet for better connection with markets, various market players need to work hard to enhance endogenous power and revitalize internal vitality. They need to use information technology to reconstruct production factors, deepen organizational reform, innovate production methods and improve asset quality and services to adapt to market demands and changes.

Balanced Approach to Handle China-US Economic and Trade Relations
The China-US trade war will hurt both parties. China-US trade disputes actually go far beyond the scope of economic and trade relations. The Democratic Party and the Republican Party of the U.S. and a considerable part of the American public bear malice towards China, being envious, jealous and hateful. In addition to inevitable difficulties in development of emerging countries, conflict of interest between countries and misjudgment, causes of such situations also include issues that are necessary for China to review and draw lessons. First, the occasions were ignored, so, discussions within the CPC were confused with public opinion, and domestic strategies were applied to international relations. For example, the Belt and Road initiative was once confused with the strategy of going global and caused unnecessary misunderstanding. Second, publicity is not properly handled. In a period of time, China's status as the second largest economy was widely publicized and GDP was overemphasized, thinking that increase in GDP would naturally lead to a central position in the world. There are some deviations in the interpretation of the Chinese model. It failed to realize that China still had a lot of room for improvement in terms of GDP quality, original innovation ability, social governance, and quality of population. China is not yet able to rival No. 1 and there is still a long way to go before its all-round modernization [11]. Third, there are indeed some Chinese people that are considered upstarts and behaviors unpopular in the international context. For example, some Chinese people going abroad like to brag and act arrogant. A considerable number of Chinese students have been able to study abroad simply because of their "money". Some Chinese students studying abroad are extravagant, unlike those in the previous century. Fourth, China has not conducted sufficient study of the international situation, especially the policies of the US, lacking systematic integration of countermeasures. For example, the "reciprocal" principle proposed by the US is about the equivalence of market mechanism and competition mechanism instead of "mutual benefit" according to the general understanding in China. "Mutual benefit" emphasizes quantitative benefits, while "reciprocity" emphasizes market access conditions and competition policies that are close to those in the US. The reciprocal principle is a new requirement of the US.
How should we deal with this situation? China and the US have had more cooperation than confrontation in history. They share more common interests at present and in the future than conflicts of interest. The reciprocal competition mechanism in the basic market required by the US is not necessarily a bad thing. The US is in general a rational country with responsible elites. A lot of entanglements can be relieved if handled properly. What we need to consider is not a win-or-lose outcome, but how to convert the fierce trade war to normal trade disputes and how to obtain a leading position in morals, strategies and tactics in the game between major countries. Therefore, methods of balanced thinking [12] need to be adopted for proper handling of five major relationships.

Relationship Between the Short Term and the Long
Term To address the trade deficit, Both must start with elimination of the causes; otherwise the trade deficit will increase again even if it drops. The large trade deficit of the US with China is not generated at once, but in a long period of time [13]. To eliminate these causes and achieve economic and trade balance is a long-term task for both sides. It takes time to establish a completely reciprocal market mechanism and competition mechanism. It also takes time to address the current trade deficit of more than US $300 billion. Therefore, both sides should ask for or allow a medium-or long period of time that is necessary to solve the problems. On the other hand, neither side shall overemphasize the gains and losses for the time being or judge their success or failure based on performance of the stock markets. Lower expectations and reduced heat of the negotiations are necessary to preserve some space for long-term cooperation. While continuing to improve organizational advantages and mobilization capabilities, China should further play a decisive role in the market. Meanwhile, China needs to do a good job of domestic governance, including speeding up the development and construction of emerging markets and domestic markets, severely punishing piracy, enhancing its original innovation capabilities, intensifying reforms and improving its business environment and policies with high standards.

Relationship Between Economy & Trade and Politics
Negotiations between countries are never purely about economic and trade issues, nor have they been purely political, but they do have a focus. As the name suggests, China-US economic and trade negotiations should have focused on economic and trade issues to resolve the imbalanced trade between the two countries, but the reality is not so simple. Economic and trade issues are actually tied up with more serious issues such as the South China Sea issue and the Taiwan Straits issue [14]. The US has provoked the China-US trade war out of its needs to address domestic political issues and international relations as well as the needs to participate in the game of major countries. The Trump administration needs to take advantage of the China-US trade war to combat its political opponents and strive for re-election. In the international arena, the Trump administration aims to weaken China's strength and delay China's development, so that the US can permanently dominate the world. In order to suppress China, the US will cross any lines and it has used economic means, political means, and military means. Therefore, China needs to keep a sober mind, understand the deep-lying intentions of the US and maintain certain flexibility to safeguard China's core interests. Sometimes, strategic contractions in certain areas contribute to better progress.

Relationship Between Interests of China and the US
It is natural and proper for the government of each country to defend its position and emphasize its interests. Every national government put its national interests in the first place. Politicians of every country claim to serve their people. However, if a country is only concerned with itself and overemphasizes its interests while ignoring the concerns of the other party, its efforts will prove futile. Everything in the world is connected. The development of China, especially its great achievements in the reform and opening up, has actually provided important market support for the long-term prosperity of the US, and China can draw on experience on the thriving development of the US [15]. In fact, there are more and more common interests and value relations between China and the United States. Therefore, to properly handle China-US economic and trade relations, both must balance the interests and values of the two countries, and be equipped with sufficient economic and legal justification. Only by properly considering the needs of the other party's interests can we truly safeguard our fundamental interests. With wide differences in basic conditions, China and the US have their respective advantages and can complement each other. Reciprocity and mutual benefit are both possible, but it is very difficult to be completely reciprocal.

Relationship Between the Interests of China-US and
the Global Interests China-US economic and trade relations concern not only China and the US, but the whole world. The health development of the world is the environment for the sound development of China-US. Without a healthy environment, the two countries will not have healthy development. China is the largest developing country, and the US is the largest developed country. They should shoulder more responsibility for the healthy development of the world. Therefore, in dealing with China-US economic and trade relations, we must consider the interests of other countries and regions, being broad-minded and firmly supporting economic globalization and multilateralism [16], so as to make a greater contribution to the healthy development of the world through joint efforts.

Relationship Between Eastern Culture and Western
Culture China-US economic and trade relations are significantly influenced by the cultures of the East and the West. The China-US trade disputes reflect the conflicts between Eastern and Western cultures to some extent. Due to differences in culture and the ways of thinking, the perspectives of these two countries are naturally different. No individual, company, or country can eliminate the cultural differences between the East and the West at once. However, despite the differences, there must be some shared values of human civilization. In the China-US economic and trade negotiations, both sides have a positive attitude to solve problems, showing mutual trust in interaction and mutual respect in exchanges, making common progress in mutual learning, delivering benefits to both sides in balance, which have embodied the human wisdom and promoted the development of the cultures. To this end, at present, both sides need to: seek common grounds while reserving differences, dispel misgivings in different areas, jointly plan and build a win-win situation for China-US economic and trade relations; jointly promote the sustained and sound development of Chinese and American economy through correct positioning and interest swap; step up exchanges, put themselves in each other's shoes, and jointly promote the intensive modernization across the world; jointly maintain a peaceful and stable international environment through inclusiveness, mutual learning and mutual understanding.

Conclusion
Our world is a dynamic and balanced one, a world with internal and external connections and mutual restrictions of various forces, and a world dominated by the law of balance. There are facts between affirmation and negation that can neither be completely affirmed nor completely negated; there is a way of thinking that integrates both spiritual and material; and there is a vast middle zone between all extremes. This is a balance that people need to pay special attention to.
Under the influence of the law of balance, the development of human society, the theory and practice of international economy and the process of China's modernization have the trajectory and trend of moving around the balance line.
The China-US trade dispute is a long-term, complex and systematic political game. It is also a struggle between the national interests of the largest developed country and the largest emerging developing country. Sooner or later, this dispute will come, it is inevitable, and it will not be transferred by human will. The deep-seated causes of this dispute mainly come from five aspects: first, reflects the deep-seated and complex contradictions between developed and emerging developing countries in the global transformation; second, reflects the complexity of China-US economic and trade relations; third, reflects the inadequate preparation and estimation of China-US changes in the world pattern; fourth, it reflects the China-US mutual understanding is not enough. Fifth, reflects that economic and trade theory lags behind trade practice.
The China-US trade problem is actually an imbalance problem. In today's world, the developed and developing countries are unequal, the market is unbalanced, and the gap is widening. To deal with this new form and problem, we need to explore new models, new ideas and new ways. To solve the current China-US trade war, we need to take a balancing line, balancing production and balancing comsuption [17]. We need to understand, tolerate and compromise each other. We need to discuss and negotiate specific solutions to the problem. This is the requirement of the law of balance.
The trade imbalance between China and the United States is not formed overnight, or even in five or ten years, but in the past 40 years. We admit that this imbalance is unreasonable, but it is mainly market behavior. Problems have accumulated over the past decades, and it will take some time to solve them. Both sides should appropriately stand on the other side's point of view and apply the idea of balance to solve this imbalance problem together.
To follow and apply the law of balance and explore the sustainable development model, China needs to consider the factors of "ideological method, market credit, innovation ability, Urban-Rural Coordination and balanced diplomacy". Thought is determination, credit is strength, innovation is power, agriculture, countryside and farmers are potential, diplomacy is cooperation, and "five forces in one" promotes sustainable development.
In short, China-US economic and trade relations are the most important relations in the world. Economic globalization has brought both benefits and challenges to all countries. To maintain and promote the healthy development of China-US economic and trade relations is in line with China's needs to achieve modernization and the needs of world modernization. For China-US economic and trade relations, the journey ahead is tortuous, but the prospects are bright.