Environmental Impact Assessment of Soil Pollution in Industrial Zones

The study area is the city of Mosul, which is located in the north-western part of Iraq and study aims to determine the level of heavy metal contamination in the main industrial areas of Mosul City, northern Iraq, where 12 samples collected Only soil samples had been collected with depth (0-15) cm by using a homemade soil sampler in industrial zone. Samples was carried in January 2019. First of all, samples were air-dried in natural condition, and the debris of animals and plants had been cleaning by hands. Samples grind and pass through a sieve (2mm), so they ready to measure. and analyzed from the industrial soil areas (6 samples from the soil of the Okab industrywest of Mosul City) and (6 samples from the soil of the Karama Industry-East of Mosul City), the soil was at depth (0-15) cm and analyzed by the X-ray Fluorescence for 8 metals included (Pb, As, Cd, Ni, Cr,). The GIS10.6.1 ArcMap program was used to draw the environmental maps of each metals and to determine the extent of these metals and their impact on neighboring regions The results obtained for heavy metals and compared to the WHO, 2003 and these areas are already contaminated with (Ni, Cr, As) metals that have Exceeded the specified values. In addition, Pb and Cd elements are within the allowed values.


Introduction
The problem of pollution is one of the most pressing environmental problems that are beginning to take on serious environmental dimensions, especially after the Industrial Revolution, technological progress and the use of modern methods in industry ]. 1 [ One of these very serious environmental problems is heavy metal pollution that accumulates in the environment as a result of human activities and includes some biological toxicity metals (Hg, Cd, Pb, Cr, As). As the development of the global economy has increased, the content of these metals in the soil has gradually increased as a result of various human processes and activities ]. 15 [ The increased concentration of heavy metals in various sources is given much attention of interest, especially as many industries are offering their own the container on heavy elements is untreated. ] 6 [ Heavy metals can have serious health effects with Various symptoms depending on the nature and quantity of the swallowed element. ] 2 [ Heavy metals are among the most dangerous non-organic pollutants on the environment Health because it cannot be physiologically immoral. ] 11 [ The World Health Organization (WHO) has confirmed that some heavy metals, particularly lead, cadmium and nickel, have the ability to accumulate in various human organs with high-toxicity concentration. [14] Long-term exposure of heavy metals causes serious damage and kidney failure, causing blood disease, anemia and brain damage. ] 16 [ Heavy metals are used in a large number of applications for their excellent physical and chemical properties, which are a good connection to heat and electric current, and their colorful compounds are highly-evidential and are not quickly influenced by atmospheric factors and most of them are road, draw, and shape. ] 8 [  Soil contamination occurs when chemicals are released by  spillage or underground leakage, with heavy metals being the  most important soil pollutants, including herbicides,  hydrocarbons, chemicals, salts, and radioactive substances,  having adverse effects on plant growth, animal health, and  human health. ] 13 [ 12 sample river sediments were analyzed by the X-ray Fluorescence (Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, As) and the use of the enrichment index (EF) and Geographic Accumulation Index (Igeo) to assess human impact quantitatively. ] 9 [ In addition, other researchers such as Bing Chen and others have studied about Size distribution and concentration of heavy metals in aerosols origin from industrial emissions as prewritten by the hydroplit model; 2013) Heavy metals, their movement,, their septicullance and metals (Cr, Co, Ni, La, Zn, Mo) were described as pollution caused by industrial emissions in the area. [4] It was also carried out in a study by M.chakravarty and others about (Metal polynomial assessment in segment of the Dikong River, N. E. India; 2009). The 9 metals are (Al, Fe, Ti, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb) where the (ER) indicator is used and The pollution Load Index (PIL) and Geographic accumulation Index (Igeo) have revealed that pollution has resulted from Pb sediments, Cu. ] 12 [ It was therefore necessary to carry out an assessment of the pollution produced by industrial zones and to know the extent of the threat to the environment.

Background and Sample Collection
The study area is the city of Mosul, which is located in the north-western part of Iraq, between the longitude of 41° -44° and the latitude of 35°-37°. In particular, the two main industrial areas of the city are the manufacture of the Okab on the right side (the western part) and the Karama on the left side (the eastern part) ( Figure 1).

Sampling
Only soil samples had been collected with depth (0-15) cm by using a homemade soil sampler. A total of 12 surface had been collected at industrial zone. Samples was carried in January 2019. First of all, samples were air-dried in natural condition, and the debris of animals and plants had been cleaning by hands. Samples grind and pass through a sieve (2mm), so they ready to measure.
Analysis of samples: after collecting samples they analyzed by X-Ray Fluorescence, SPECTRO XEPOS from AMETEK. (XRF) method was great used for monitoring the concentration of metals. Using GIS10.6.1 ArcMap program to Monitors, distributes these metals.

Result and Discussion
The degree of soil contamination with heavy metals is a measure that identifies environmental pollution as the increase in heavy metal barges causes serious damage to the soil, while the decrease in these minerals causes serious human health complications as the decrease in copper and manganese elements leads to human heart disease.
] 10 [ Table 1 shows the heavy metals of the Karama Industry Area and at a depth of 0-15 cm. The table 2 shows the heavy metals of the Okab Industry Area and at a depth (0-15) cm.
The results obtained were compared with the WHO, 2003 Handbook.
] 17 [ Table 3 shows the heavy metals determinants in soil.     Figure 3. The maps show a clear increase of metal in the areas near the remains of the car swarms that were exposed to bombardment during the last war on Mosul city and the areas that were exposed to bombardment.

Arsenic (As)
The arsenic metal is widely distributed among great and different types of minerals in Earth's crust and has a value of 2 ppm. It is found in rocks at (1 -3) ppm and sediments rock (1 -25) ppm and is usually found in high concentration of up to 400 ppm and above arsenic is present in most soil at (0.1-40) ppm. Where arsenic enters the surrounding environment in the form of arsenic oxide, which is more toxic.  The results in a table 2 showed that the Arsenic metal values in the soil of the Okab Industry ranged between (0.00-7.33) ppm.
The maps obtained by GIS10.6.1 show the distribution of the arsenic metal in the surface of the Okab Industry Area Figure 5. The maps show a clear increase in arsenic in the areas close to the remains of the car swarms that were bombed during the last war in the city, as well as the buildings that were bombed, indicating that the ammunition used contained arsenic in its installation.

Cadmium (Cd)
Cadmium is a metal that has the potential to be seen on the surface of the spectral surface, including the montmorillonite, which has many heavy elements, including cadmium. ]      The results in a table 2 showed that the Chromium metal values in the soil of the Okab Industry ranged between (77.32 -288.21) ppm.
The maps obtained by GIS10.6.1 show the distribution of the Chromium metal in the surface of the Okab Industry Area Figure 11. Maps show a clear increase in the Chromium component in areas close to the industrial zone's waste. According to the WHO, 2003 Guide on the permitted limit for the Chromium metal in the soils, it is considered contaminated soil in this area where the permitted values (1)(2)(3)(4)(5) per ppm are exceeded.

Conclusions
The results obtained for heavy metals and compared to the WHO, 2003 manual and by monitoring their distribution using the ArcMap GIS software show that these areas are already contaminated with (Ni, Cr, As) metals that have Exceeded the specified values. In addition, Pb and Cd elements are within the allowed values.