Process Waste Generation and Utilization in Steel Industry

Steel production process is a complex process. For manufacturing of steel material various processes are required to do, that causes the production of the high amount of waste which need to be processed. Production of any product causes waste which has very less economy for the primary production process, but those waste products also have some economic value which can be increased by processing. In this paper, the production of waste in major industries and utilization of that waste and handling of waste has been studied. The paper mainly consists of waste production and utilization in steel industries, best possible way to get “Best from the waste”. The steel industries are one of the major waste producers, but they have invented new methods to utilize the wastes. These new methods helped for sustainable developments as they help in getting more efficiency and reducing the cost of primary methods. As per the ISO 14000 standards industries need to follow so many standards for recycling of the waste material.


Introduction
An important criterion of justifying strong economic growth in a nation is the degree of industrialization in it. Although rapid industrialization is a sign of development, it adversely affects the environment due to the release of large quantities of toxic [8]. Generation of the industrial waste is closely related to the industrial growth process and increase in demand. Production of any useful product always causes waste, but the thing is that "Are they really a waste" [4,3]. Up to some extent wastes also have some economic value which needed to get extracted from it, as well as, handling of these wastes in a proper manner can provide stability in nature [5].
In recent years it has been observed that the industries are giving more negative impact [1] on the society than that of positive. To make the world sustainable management and utilization of waste become important.

Waste
Waste is any material which is discarded by somebody or not suitable for that process (although it may be useful for somebody else) [2,6]. Solid waste is a big task to handle by engineer's planner's groups of society. A huge amount of waste need to be utilized by different methods and ways cause its generated in the large amount as it seems by collected data around the world [7] Industrialization, modernization, and progress all of these did take a toll on the health of our planet. When junk removal or management is improperly done, it can lead to health problems while also adversely impacting the surrounding environment. Here are some types of solid waste which need to be controlled. [21] Organic Waste Pollutants Agricultural and industrial waste Medical Waste Disposal Sites Plastics

Waste Management
India is a heavily populated country and this is the only reason for enormous wastes being produced [12]. Recycling of waste material saves natural resources, saves energy, reduces solid waste, reduces air and water pollutants and reduces greenhouse gases [14]. Waste management is a collection, transportation, and disposal of garbage, sewage, and other waste products. It is a process of treating solid wastes and offers a variety of solutions for recycling items that don't belong to trash [22]. In other words, Waste management is all the activities and actions required to manage waste from its inception to its final disposal. This includes amongst other things, collection, transport, treatment and disposal of waste together with monitoring and regulation.
There are various types of solid waste including municipal (residential, institutional, commercial), agricultural, and special (health care, household hazardous wastes, sewage sludge)." You will find there are eight major groups of waste management methods, each of them divided into numerous categories.
Usually, if pollutants come from one source into that water body, (such as a factory disposal) it is called a point source pollution. Generally, waste could be liquid or solid waste. Both could be hazardous.
Liquid and Solid Waste types can also be grouped into organic, reusable and recyclable waste

Sustainability
There are the number of useful definitions of sustainability and the World Commission on Environment & Development has defined it as [3]: 'Meeting the needs of the present generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs' The primary objective of waste management is to completely prevent the production of waste altogether, if possible [1,2] Second, if waste must be produced, then it is to be recycled. Entirely avoiding waste production or recycling [16].

ISO 14000 Environment Management System
The ISO 14000 standards represent a consensus agreement by national standards bodies around the world about the procedures that need to be followed in establishing an effective environmental management system (EMS).
The ISO 14000 series include standards for (1) environmental management systems,

Major Waste Producers in World
From the figure 1, the united states of America and Russia are the major producer of the waste. The most common waste from these countries are clothing and footwear, Food, furniture, and furnishings. And they are also the major producers of industrial waste. [17]

Mineral Producing Countries
India is ranked fourth among the mineral-producing countries, behind China, the United States and Russia, based on volume of production (FICCI, 2013). The GDP contribution of the mining industry varies from 2.2% to 2.5% but going by the GDP of the total industrial sector, it contributes around 10%-11% [1].

Types of Waste During Various Process
This article divides the steel production process in six major processes which are done to produce steel-related materials. As indicated these are major processes therefore most of the waste is also produced during these processes.
The processes are 1. Raw Material Agglomeration 2. Blast furnace process 3. Basic oxygen furnace 4. Electric Arc Furnace 5. Steel, Stainless steel refining 6. Casting and Milling Process

Waste During Raw Material Agglomeration
Agglomeration the process in which the sticking of material with their respective other materials are done such that the material can get the desired shape [14]. It is the primary step to produce any steel material.

Waste During Blast Furnace Process
Two different process routes are available to produce steel products, namely the blast furnace with oxygen steelmaking [9] and the electric arc steelmaking route [2]. In both the process the Blast furnace process plays an important role in production of any steel product. Thus, causes production of waste too.

Waste During Basic Oxygen Furnace
The Basic Oxygen Steelmaking (BOS) process is the dominant steelmaking technology [4]. BOF share of production in the U.S., was 33% in 2016. The primary raw materials for the BOP are 70-80% liquid hot metal from the blast furnace and the balance is steel scrap. [18]

Waste During Electric Arc Furnace
The electric arc furnace operates as a batch melting process producing batches of molten steel known "heats"[9,2]. The electric arc furnace operating cycle is called the tap-to-tap cycle and is made up of the following operations:

Waste During Stainless Steel Refining
In the various refining technologies of stainless steel, the argon-oxygen decarburization (AOD) process has many obvious advantages; thus, it has been applied extensively and developed rapidly throughout the world [2]. At present, over 75%of the world's stainless-steel output is produced using the process. [20]

Waste During Casting and Rolling Mill
Casting and rolling are done to get closer tolerance to dimensions, during these processes some amount of surface material gets wasted.

Hazardous Waste Coming from Steel Industries
It is observed that the steel slag from EAF to produce carbon steels is very similar to that from BOF [14]. However, the slag from EAF to produce alloy or stainless steels is quite different. It has a lower FeO content and a very high content of Cr, which leads to classifying the slag as a hazardous waste. [20]

Conclusion
Many wastes from industrial processes can serve as a substitute for iron ores or fluxes due to their chemical composition and properties. From the study it has been found that steel scrap, iron scales, metallurgical dusts and sludges, steel-making slag, etc. among the most frequently used reusable materials. Proportion of reusable material depends on the content of detrimental substances in this material. Steel sectors are one of the major waste producer, but they have developed various process by which most of the waste are again converted into economy. Getting value from a waste is always difficult, but it is the need and required to use those waste/scrap parts. Sectors are already running out of raw material therefor they have invented new technology to handle those waste for sustainable development.