A Study on the Comparative Analysis of Hausa and Jar Pronouns of Northern, Nigeria

: This paper title “A Comparative Analysis of the Hausa and Jar Pronouns”, started with brief introduction of importance of language in human endeavor, meaning of pronoun. The historical background of both languages was reviewed, and also the work examines the behavior of the Hausa and Igbo Pronouns. As such, the work analytically compares the nature and positions of pronouns within the sentences or noun phrase of the two languages (Hausa and Igbo). However, this paper identifies the similarities and differences of both singulars and plural Pronouns, such as the Hausa language, has gender in second person and third person, Singular Pronouns Kai, Shi, and Ita. While Jar languages has no gender in second and third person pronouns. Also where English and Jar languages have shared the same rules in second person and object pronouns (you) while the rule differs with Hausa. Another difference is the positions of some subject pronouns singular in Jar languages almost always come after an action word or verb in a sentence, while in Hausa almost always the singular personal subject pronouns appear before an action word (Verb), and methodology of research has been discussed in the paper.


Introduction
Language is the most important tool for communication and is the most tasking area of human endeavor. The human languages are distinct from other means of communication.
Hausa language belongs to the Chadic group of the Afro-Asiatic language family and is the native language of the states in the southern part of Niger Republic and Northern part of Nigeria. There are sizable population of Hausa speakers in Borno, Jos Plateau, Adamawa, Nassarawa, Benue, Ibadan, Lagos Ondo and Niger. However, since language is said to be inherently variable, there are many varieties of Hausa language, but the Variety of the Hausa the researcher would use in the course of this paper is the standard.
Jar is a Bantoid language, which belongs to the Niger-Congo language family, and is being spoken natively in Bauchi, Dass, Tafawa Balewa, Bogoro and Alkaleri local government areas of Bauchi state. They are also found in Kanam and Kanke Local governments of Plateau State, The Mbula people of Adamawa State and Mama people in Mama local government of Narawa State, and the Bille people of Cross-river State also speak a variety of Jar.
This paper "A Comparative Analysis of Hausa and Jar pronouns", examined the categorical differences and similarities of Pronouns through comparison. Moreover, a pronoun is a universal phenomenon across languages, and it can be used as replacement or substitution for nouns or noun phrases [4].
As we said earlier, since language is said to be inherently variable, and indeed the pronouns take different forms and perform various Functions in different languages of the world, and likewise through comparison, the paper tried to investigate the existence of such differences between Hausa and Jar pronouns to see if there is any.

Literature Review
Many scholars have defined pronoun as one of the grammatical concepts; the earliest attempt was made by [11] who states that, pronouns have been defined as "a traditional part of speech that is typically used as a substitute for a noun or noun phrase" [2] said pronouns serve as substitutes for noun phrase and they can be found where noun normally feature. Pronouns make specific reference to people and things. Thus, pronouns are words that take the place of one or more nouns.
However, pronouns can do all the things that noun can do. They can be subjects, indirect objects, object of preposition and more.
Newman [7] argues that pronouns in Hausa can be broadly classified into two main types (i) personal pronouns, and (ii) non personal pronouns.
According to him, the former are marked for person, number, and in the singular only-gender, and the latter may be marked for number and gender, but not for person like nouns they are inherently third person.
Wurma [9] Said "A Pronoun is one of the non-adverbial items that comes under the noun phrase."

Type of Pronouns in Hausa
According to Scholars, there were seven types of pronouns in Hausa language.
They are as follows:

The Personal Pronouns in Hausa
(Walikin Suna Ambatau); According to Zarruq [10] this is a type of pronoun. Some scholars like Ayanwum [2] and Newman [7] called it independent because it can stand alone in a sentence.
Besides that, this type of Pronoun can be marked in terms of number or gender, and also it can be Marked or classified in terms of first person, second person speaking to and third person spoken about. Interrogative Pronouns. In Hausa language, interrogative Pronouns are normally used to ask question. These include: me (What), Wa (Who), Su wa? (Who, pl), Wanne (Sg) 'M', (Who), wacce (Sg) 'f' (Who), and wadanne (Pl), whose or that, which (Sg) wanne.
Relative Pronouns in Hausa: (Wakilin Suna Dogarau). Relative Pronoun introduces embedded classes, which usually function as a single modifier for the noun phrase. Anyanwu [2] and it can be classified in terms number and gender. Eg.

Hausa language has proverbial Pronouns (Wakilin Suna Zagin Aikatau).
This type of Pronouns it's always came immediately before verb in a sentence, Eg.

Pronouns in Jar
The Jar Pronouns are in a way similar to that of the Hausa and are divided into the following categories:

Personal Pronouns in Jar
Just like in Hausa, the personal pronoun in Jar can pronoun. Some scholars it is independent because it can stand alone in a sentence.
But one big difference with that of Hausa is this type of Pronoun can be marked in terms of number but not gender, and also it can be Marked or classified in terms of first person, second person speaking to and third person spoken about.
These type of pronoun falls into three types or forms eg: Subject Possessive pronoun in Jar: Singular In Jar language the 1 st person singular pronoun is not included in certain sentences describing events in the past. E.g In this sentence, E.g lim gərmalin -I ate food.
Object Possessive pronoun in Jar: These type of pronouns are used to indicate possession in a sentence (c) Possessive forms

Demonstrative Pronoun in Jar
These are pronouns, which serve to locate an entity in space in terms of whether it is near to or away from the speaker. eg; Mi (this) near singular, Ma, (that) far and singular, bi (these) near and plural, and ba (those)

Possessive Pronouns
This type of pronoun shows possession and just like the other Gera pronouns it does not show Gender.
Relative Pronouns in Jar: this type of pronoun introduces embedded classes, which usually function as a single modifier for the noun phrase, and just like the other Jar pronouns, it can only be classified in terms number and not gender. E.g: Sg.
Maa (Whom) Plural baa (whose) This type of pronoun fall into three types or forms eg. (a) Subject forms (b) Object form (c) Possessive forms The Jar personal Pronouns are divided into independent (emphatic) and dependent (Non-emphatic) forms.

Reflexive Pronoun
Emenanjo [5] also called it exclusive; the exclusive may also be expressed with the phrase 'onwe X' where X is the number used after the independent forms thus: Anyawun [2] Said "Reflexive Pronoun is a type of Pronouns refers back to an already mention entity particularly in the same close matching the referent in number and person.
Theoretical framework Theoretical frame work on which this work adopted is comparative theory of languages. The comparative theory is a technique for studying the development of languages by performing a feature-by-feature comparison of two or more languages that, belongs to different family of languages, in order to find out an existence differences and similarities of the languages. The comparative theory was developed over the 19th century. Key contributions were made by the Danish scholars Rasmus Rask and Karl Verner and the German scholar Jacob Grimm. The first linguist to offer reconstructed forms from a Proto-language, was Schleircher. However, Bloomfield' Fires, Harris, James, were contributed and developed the theory in the field of linguistics analysis. This present work, "Hausa and Igbo Pronouns: A comparative analysis", attempts to compared the two languages which belong to the different family of languages in order to know the differences and similarities from them.
Methodology of research The data for this study were obtained from both primary and secondary sources. For the primary source, the native speakers from both languages (Hausa and Igbo) were interviewed for the purpose of sourcing data, while the secondary sources also used where some text books from both languages consolidated.

Data Presentation and Analysis
Comparison of Hausa and Igbo Pronouns, in terms of gender and syntactic positions in which they appear in a sentence, closed, noun phrase or verbal phrase.
The Pronouns exist in both Hausa and Igbo languages, but Hausa has seven types of Pronouns. According to Hausa Scholars, while Igbo language also has seven types of Pronouns according to some Igbo scholars, as we indicated above.
And also this work research discovered that, Igbo language is genderless in terms of Singular Pronouns e.g Second person, Singular, i/I, and gig all refers to both male and female unlike in Hausa Language. Examples:-I Choro m? You (Sg) refer to both male and female gender, but in Hausa the second person Pronouns should be either "Ka" or "KI" where by ka refer to male gender while ki, refers to female gender. And also an object Pronoun "gi" in Igbo language is also genderless because it's refer to both gender "You" (Sg) e.g mmu na gi I' and you (Sg) refers to male or female gender, while in Hausa language an object Pronoun "You" can take either male gender Ka, or female gender Ki e.g Na Kira ki I called you or Na Kira ka I called you that is to say English and Igbo have shared the same rules in second person object Pronouns (you), while Hausa language differs. However, Hausa language has a gender in third person both in subject and an object Pronouns, while in Igbo are absent 1  The Hausa and Igbo Language have first, second, and third person Plural Pronouns.
1. Even though, in Igbo language there is no gender connotation in 2 nd , and 3 rd person singular pronouns, but the native speakers have their own way to understand who is refer to between male or female gender usually from asking question.
And they are similar in terms of gender, because all languages (Hausa and Igbo) shows the plurality and unique in gender in all the Pronouns from both languages. Example. Another similarity in the using of third person preverbal pronoun (ya) both Hausa and Igbo language are using it, e.g. Ya tafi kasuwa (He went to the market). But in Igbo language it has been used exceptionally to emphasize more especially in local dialect, e.g. yanwa (he is the one).
Moreover, the research work shows that, how the object and subject forms are used in a sentence, in Hausa and Igbo languages. In Igbo language, the personal Pronouns 1 st person speaking mu/m Play multifunction roles, whereby it can appear, as a subject Pronouns or it can appear as an object position in a sentence. e.g nM ga ejee chi I' shall go tomorrow The Pronoun 'm' (Sg) stand as a subject Pronoun because it came at the beginning of the sentence.
o Juru/Mu ' he/she asked me In the above sentence the Pronoun 'm' functioned as an object Pronoun, unlike in Hausa language, where it has a subject personal Pronoun of first person speaking as Na which is 'I', and NI as an object Pronoun which is me e.g; Na dake shi 'I heat him' At the above sentence we can see the preverbial Pronouns Na in the syntactic position as a subject Pronoun. But in the sentence like. While in Hausa language have 'ya' or 'ta' as a subject preverbial Pronoun and 'ta' and shi appears as an object personal Pronoun for 3 rd person (Sg).
In addition possessive pronoun in Hausa language has a 1 st Person plural 2 nd person singular and plural and 3 rd person singular and plural. And 1 st person singular excluded in this case and it has a feature as Noun + Pronoun e.g. Makarantata (my school = mine) which is attached together always. And all the race mentioned above have the characteristic feature as noun + conjunction (short) + pronoun e.g. Makarantarka (your school = yours), Makarantarsu (their school = theirs). While in Igbo the possessive pronoun characteristically has a feature as noun + pronoun in all forms of it is possessive pronouns as indicated above. That is to say Igbo possessive pronoun it is always separated due to the absent of short conjunction in Igbo language as in that of Hausa Language.

Conclusion and Suggestion
In this paper, attempt has been made to examine and compared pronouns in Hausa and Igbo Languages, and also classified conventional usage interns of syntactic positions and their functions. Finally, since this study is an exploratory one, it seems necessary to suggest that, more researchers are needed in order to contribute to the grammatical concept at verious levels and documented the workers to avoid language endergment or dieying.