Improvement of Bioactive Compounds Content and Antioxidant Properties in Crackers with the Incorporation of Prickly Pear and Potato Peels Powder

Prickly pear peel (PPP) and potatoes peel (PP) are considered as a waste by-products which obtained during processing of prickly pear and potatoes, huge amount of peels are generated, and their disposal is a major problem and causes environmental pollution. In the present study, PPP and PP were dehydrated under vacuum at 70°C for 3 hrs to obtain prickly pear peel powder (PPPP) and potatoes peel powder (PPP) with 7% moisture content. These by-products were phytochemically analyzed, incorporated into crackers at 5% levels as a potential source of bioactive compounds. Bioactive compounds analysis indicated that PPPP and PPP contains high levels of many valuable bioactive compounds/antioxidants such total phenolics, (421 and 1388 mg GAE.g -1 DW) and carotenoids (217.11 and 135.76 mg.g -1 DW) as well as total dietary fiber (39.53 and 45.91 g.100g -1 DW). The total dietary fiber, carotenoids and total phenolics content in crackers increased from 5.89, 3.01 and 110.23 to 8.11, 14.34 and 143.28 with 5% incorporation of PPPP and 8.74 g.100g -1 , 7.88 mg.g -1 and 192.79 mg EGA.g -1 with 5% incorporation of PPP, respectively. Also, the antioxidant activity (AA) in control crackers was 30.11% which increased to 38.14 and 42.07% with the incorporation of PPPP and PPP by 5%, respectively. In conclusion, the results suggest that by incorporating PPPP and PPP, it is possible to enhance the nutritional and functional quality (bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity) of crackers without affecting on their sensory characteristics.


Introduction
Agricultural and food industries in the Arab world represent a large proportion of waste was estimated at18.14 million tons per year and represent remnants of fruits and vegetables manufacture about 6.14% of this amount (http://elasaala. blogspot. com/2012/01/blog-post_2703.html). Processing of fruits, vegetables, and oilseeds may results in high amounts of waste materials such as peels, seeds, stones and oilseed meals. Disposal of these materials usually represents a problem that is further aggravated by legal restrictions. Plant waste is prone to microbial spoilage; therefore, drying is necessary before further exploitation. The cost of drying, storage, and transport poses additional economical limitations to waste utilization. Therefore, agro-industrial waste often is utilized as feed or fertilizer. However, demand for feed or fertilizer varies and depends on agricultural production. Moreover, valuable nutrients contained in agro-industrial wastes are lost. Thus new aspects concerning the use of these wastes as by-products for further exploitation on the production of food additives or supplements with high nutritional value have gained increasing interest because these are high-value products and their recovery may be economically attractive. It is well known that agro-industrial by-products are rich in dietary fibers, some of which contain appreciable amounts of colorants, antioxidant compounds or other substances with positive health effects, while some of them, like the oilseed meals, are rich in proteins [1]. Some major source of food wastes are potatoes and prickly pear, some of the most popular vegetables and fruits.
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is the largest vegetable crop worldwide, amounting to approximately 320 million metric tons annually [2]. Processing of potatoes (mainly for the production of chips, French fries, and dehydrated products) has presented a steady increase during the last decades, exceeding considerably the amount of the vegetable consumed as fresh [1,3,4]. Solid waste generated during processing consists mostly of potato peels but also contains green, immature, and cull potatoes and amounts to 15-45% depending on the procedure applied [4]. It is used as animal feed, though fermentation for the production of single cell or alcohol has been considered [5]. Water from potato processing is used for the recovery of proteins by heat coagulation [5]. Recent investigations suggested the use of water extracts from potato processing waste for the recovery of antioxidants [6].
Prickly pear (Opuntia ficus-indica), commonly known as prickly pear, belongs to the family Cactaceae. Being so water-use efficient, they are highly useful in arid and semiarid environments, particularly during prolonged dry spells or failure of the monsoon [7]. So, it is widely distributed in Latin America, South Africa and the Mediterranean area including Egypt, [8]. It has been used in traditional folk medicine because of its role in treating a number of diseases and conditions, including anti-inflammatory effects [9], hypoglycemic effects [10], inhibition of stomach ulceration [11], neuroprotective effects [12]. Through antioxidant actions and also used for treating diabetes, hypertension, burns, bronchial, asthma edema, and indigestion in many countries over the world [13][14]. One of the most frequently utilized fruit and vegetable technologies is juice production. Juices, in general, are a good source of sugars, vitamins and minerals all valuable components to human health. In addition to their nutritional and medicinal properties, these plants contain compounds which have several commercial applications. In addition, the phenolic constituents of peels prickly pear cactus were isolated and identified using different chromatographic techniques [15]. Studies aims to magnify the using of prickly pear peel in food and nutritional applications are still a dearth, and more research is required.
Snack, defined as a light meal eaten between regular meals include a broad range of products that can take many forms. Definitions of snacks are being modified to include sandwiches, yogurt and even ice creams. Among snacks, crackers are the most popularly consumed bakery items parts of the world. Some of the reasons for such wide popularity are their ready to eat nature, affordable cost, good nutritional quality, availability in different tastes and longer shelf life [16]. Reported was available on the use of oat bran, wheat bran, rice bran as a source of dietary fiber content in bread and other bakery products [17][18][19]. Recently, Sudha et al., [20] reported that influence of different cereal brans on sensory quality of biscuits. On the other hand, fruit dietary fiber concentrates have better nutritional quality than those found in cereals due to higher proportion of soluble dietary fiber (SDF) and significant content of dietary fiber associated bioactive compounds [21][22].
In Egypt, the bakery industry has grown tremendously over the recent years. Such as reported by Elhassaneen et al., [23] and Ahmed, [24], bakery products are varied by addition of value added ingredients. Among the added ingredients, dietary fiber and phytochemicals have gained tremendous attention [25][26]. Several years ago, many studies reported the improvement in nutritional and functional properties of cookies and bread with the incorporation of flour with plant by-products powder [1,4,23,26]. Although, there is an increasing demand for high fiber and phytochemicals ingredients in food products including snacks. Therefore, the objective of this work is to analyze some plant by-products including potatoes and prickly peach peels that constitute to waste for their nutraceutical values as food ingredient thus reducing its contribution to environmental pollution. Also, utilization of such by-products for their recovery of dietary fibers, bioactive compounds and antioxidants in the production of snacks such crackers will be in the scope of this study.

Wheat Flour
Variety Giza 155 wheat (Triticum vulgare) was obtained from Shebin El-Kom market, Minoufiya Governorate, Egypt during the 2013 harvesting period. The collected samples was transported to the laboratory and stored immediately on the refrigerator at 0°C until using in preparation of flour. For flour preparation, the kernels was milled by using of laboratory mill (El-Araby, Benha, Egypt) and sieved through 60 and 50 meshes screen to obtain wheat flour extraction rate 72.

Food by-Products
Potato peel (Solanum tuberosum L.) was obtained from SFCO For Manufacturing & Export Agricultural Products, El Negila, Kom Hamada, Behira Government, Egypt; and prickly pear fruits (Opuntia ficus-indica), used for prickly pear peel preparation were obtained from the local markets of Tanta City, Egypt.

Crackers Ingredients
Salt, bicarbonate soda, yeast and shortening were purchased from the local markets of Shebin El-Kom City, Egypt.

Preparation of Food by-Products Peel Powder
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Preparation of Crackers
The crackers were prepared according to the modified method of Manley, [27]. Formulation of the crackers is applied as follow: wheat flour, 100 g; shortening, 9.64 g; salt, 2.02 g; sodium bicarbonate, 0.16 g; yeast, 3.48 g and water 50 g. Yeast was mixed with water (25°C) to form a suspension, to which the other ingredients were then added and kneaded to form smooth dough. Substitution of wheat flour with prickly pear peel powder (PPPP) and potato peel powder (PPP) were conducted based on 5% of the weight of the wheat flour. The dough was later proofed for 2 hours in a proofer (Bakbar E81, New Zealand), followed by sheeting to 1.0mm thickness using a dough sheeter (Esmach, Italy). The dough was then cut into squares measuring 3cm x 3cm and 'docked' prior to baking at 170°C for 15 min.

Determination of Total Phenolics, Carotenoids, Total
Dietary Fiber and Antioxidant Activity Total phenolics, carotenoids and total dietary fiber in selected by-products and cracker samples were analyzed as follow: By-products and cracker samples were extracted with 80% acetone and centrifuged at 10,000g for 15 min. For cracker samples, one gram of biscuit powder was extracted with 20 ml of 80% acetone and centrifuged at 8000g at room temperature. The supernatant obtained from both samples were used for the analysis of total phenolics, carotenoids and antioxidant activity.
Total phenolics were determined using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent [28]. Two hundred milligrams of sample was extracted for 2 h with 2 mL of 80% MeOH containing 1% hydrochloric acid at room temperature on an orbital shaker set at 200 rpm. The mixture was centrifuged at 1000g for 15 min and the supernatant decanted into 4 mL vials. The pellets were combined and used for total phenolics assay. One hundred microliters of extract was mixed with 0.75 mL of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (previously diluted 10-fold with distilled water) and allowed to stand at 22°C for 5 min; 0.75 ml of sodium bicarbonate (60g.L -1 ) solution was added to the mixture after 90 min at 22°C, absorbance was measured at 725 nm. Results are expressed as gallic acid and equivalents. The total carotenoids in 80% acetone extract were determined by using the method reported by Litchenthaler, [29]. Total dietary fiber content in the MPP was estimated according to the method described by Asp et al., [30].
Antioxidant activity of tested spices extracts and standards (α-tocopherol and BHT; Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, Mo) was determined according to the β-carotene bleaching method following a modification of the procedure described by Marco, [31]. For a typical assay, 1mL of β-carotene (Sigma) solution, 0.2 mg/mL in chloroform, was added to round-bottom flasks (50 mL) containing 0.02 mL of linoleic acid (J.T. Baker Chemical Co., Phillipsburg, NJ) and 0.2 mL of Tween 20 (BDH Chemical Co., Toronto, On). Each mixture was then dosed with 0.2 mL of 80% MeOH (as control) or corresponding plant extract or standard. After evaporation to dryness under vacuum at room temperature, oxygenated distilled water (50 ml) was added and the mixture was shaken to form a liposome solution. The samples were then subjected to thermal auto-oxidation at 50°C for 2 h. The absorbance of the solution at 470 nm was monitored on a spectrophotometer (Beckman DU-50) by taking measurements at 10 min intervals, and the rate of bleaching of β-carotene was calculated by fitting linear regression to data over time. All samples were assayed in triplicate. Various concentrations of BHT, BHA, and α-tocopherol in 80% methanol was used as the control. Antioxidant activity was calculated in four different ways. In the first, absorbance was plotted against time, as a knit curve, and the absolute value of slope was expressed as antioxidant value (AOX). Antioxidant activity (AA) was all calculated as percent inhibition relative to control using the equation (1) [32].
Where: R control and R sample were the bleaching rates of β-carotene in reactant mixture without antioxidant and with plant extract, respectively.
The third method of expression based on the oxidation rate ratio (ORR) was calculated according to the method of Marinova et al., [33] using the equation (2): Where: R control and R sample are the same in the previous equation.
In the fourth method, the antioxidant activity coefficient (AAC) was calculated as described by Mallet et al., equation (3) [34]. AAC = (Abs S120 -Abs C120 ) / Abs C0 -Abs C120 ) x 100 (3) Where: Abs S 120 was the absorbance of the antioxidant mixture at time 120 min, Abs C 120 was the absorbance of the control at time 120 min, Abs C 0 was the absorbance of the control at zero time.

Sensory Evaluation
Sensory evaluation was carried out with 14 panelists comprising of postgraduate students from Minoufiya University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt. Testing was done in the sensory laboratory. Each panelist was served with 5 randomly arranged cracker samples on a rectangular plastic tray. The crackers were individually sealed in a pouch and coded with a three-digit number prior to testing. The 5 samples consisted of two types of composite flour crackers and a control (100% wheat flour). Water was provided for rinsing between the samples. Panelists were required to evaluate the colour, crispiness, taste and overall acceptance of the crackers using the 9-point hedonic scale with 1=dislike extremely, 2=dislike very much, 3=dislike moderately, 4=dislike slightly, 5=neither like nor dislike, 6=like slightly, 7=like moderately, 8=like very much, and 9=like extremely.

Statistical Analysis
All measurements were done in triplicate and recorded as mean±SD. Statistical analysis was performed with the Student t-test and MINITAB 12 computer program (Minitab Inc., State College, PA).

Total Dietary Fiber, Carotenoids and Phenolics
Contents Total dietary fiber, carotenoids and phenolics contents of selected food by-products are shown in Table ( 1). The data showed that the total dietary fiber content was ranged 39.53 and 45.91 g.100g -1 , total carotenoids was 217.11 and 135.76 mg.100g -1 and total phenolics was 421 and 1388 mg GAE.100g -1 for PPPP and PPP, respectively. The PPP was recorded the highest content of total dietary fiber and total phenolics while PPPP recorded the highest values of total carotenoids. In similar study of Ahmed, [26] found that the total dietary fiber content of ROSP, MPP, CLP and PPP were ranged 27.15-42.71g.100g -1 , total carotenoids was 92.43-412.14 mg.100g -1 and total phenolics was 1104-7129 mg EGA.100 g -1 . Such data confirmed that such tested by-product could be played a significant role in nutritional/pharmaceutical applications through their high content of bioactive compounds. Such as reviewed in Al-Weshahy and Rao, [35] dietary fiber is well known as a bulking agent, increasing the intestinal mobility and hydration of the feces. Several authors have reviewed the importance of consumption of moderate amounts of dietary fibers for human health [36][37]. Scientifically speaking, dietary fiber is a broad term that includes several carbohydrates; cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignins, pectins, gums etc. [38]. Camire et al., [39] reported that PP fibers are primarily insoluble, and can bind bile acids in-vitro. It is believed that binding of bile acids is one of the mechanisms whereby certain sources of dietary fibers lower plasma cholesterol. Lazarov and Werman, [40] studied the hypocholesterolemic effect of dietary fiber from PP and found that after four weeks of feeding on potato peels, rats showed 40% reduction in plasma cholesterol content and 30% of hepatic fat cholesterol levels were reduced as compared with animals fed only with cellulose supplemented diet. Defects of dietary fiber on lipid-profile influence several health related issues. High concentrations of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, other dyslipidemia [high concentration of triglycerides and low concentration of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol], leads to blood platelets aggregation [41], risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) [42], and hypertension [43]. Moreover, high intake of dietary fibers has a positive influence on blood glucose profile and it is related health complications, in healthy and diabetic individuals of both types. By altering the gastric emptying time, dietary fibers are able to affect the absorption of other simple sugars. The effect of dietary fibers on blood glucose and insulin response has been demonstrated by many other authors as well [35,44]. Recently, Shalaby [25] reported that adding the food by-products such onion skin powder (high level of dietary fiber and phenolic compounds) to the ground meats before the grilling process and used in feeding of rats leads to decline in their serum glucose and lipid oxidation and improve in the liver functions.  Oxidation rate ratio (ORR ) = R sample / R control. d Antioxidant activity coefficient (AAC) = (Abs S 120 -Abs C 120) / Abs C 0 -Abs C 120) x 1000 where: Abs S 120 was the absorbance of the antioxidant mixture at time 120 min, Abs C 120 was the absorbance of the control at time 120 min, Abs C 0 was the absorbance of the control at zero time. * Each value represents mean ±SD. Values with the different letters in the same column are significantly different P ≤ 0.05.

Antioxidant Activities
The antioxidant activities and total phenolics of the tested food by-products are shown in Table (2). From such data it could be noticed that the by-products powder showed considerable differences in antioxidant activity (AA = 71.05 -83.22%) when it was calculated by the four different methods used in this study. potato peels powder (PPP) showed strong activity because of its high phenolic content (1388 mg EGA.100g -1 DW) while prickly pear peel powder (PPPP) showed relatively low content in both antioxidant activity and the total phenolics (421 mg EGA.100g -1 ). The decrease in absorbance of β-carotene in the presence of different methanolic tested food by-products extracts (and well-known antioxidants used as standards) with the oxidation of β-carotene and linoleic acid, antioxidant stability, is shown in Figure (1). Such data indicated that PPP recorded the lowest decreasing followed by PPPP. The values of PPP absorbance through 120 min are coming well i.e. corresponding to the line of 50 mg.L -1 of α-tocopherol and upper to the line 50 mg.L -1 of BHT. By the same manner, PPPPis coming close to the line of 50 mg.L -1 of BHT. These data proved the high stability of the all tested food by-products when comparing with that more common standards, BHT and α-tocopherol. In a similar study, Ahmed, [24] reported highly antioxidant activity (AA= 84.87-97.66%) and phenolic content (1679-8946 mg EGA.100g -1 DW) for many food by-products including PPP, red onion skin powder (ROSP) and mango peel powder (MPP). The high antioxidant stability (The decrease in absorbance of β-carotene in the presence of by-product methanolic extracts, and well-known antioxidants used as standards, with the oxidation of β-carotene and linoleic acid) was recorded for the methanol extract of ROSP followed by MPP and PPP, respectively. In the correlation analysis, important differences were found between phenolics, carotenoids and antioxidant activity of food by-products (Figures 2). When all food by-products were included in the statistical analysis, there was a positive significant (p≤ 0.05) relationship between total phenolics in PPPP (r 2 = 0.636), total phenolics in PPP (r 2 = 0.834), total carotenoids in PPPP (r 2 = 0.531), total carotenoids in PPP (r 2 = 0.593) and antioxidant activity. These correlations confirm that phenolic compounds with carotenoids are mainly responsible for the antioxidant activity of the tested by-products. Also, these data indicates that many other bioactive compounds beside phenolics and carotenoids such vitamins, fibers, minerals etc probably contribute in the antioxidant activity of the tested by-products. This information was confirmed by Osuna-Martínez et al., [45] who reported that antioxidant properties, one medicinal plant that has been proposed having interesting antioxidant activity and protective capacities due to the presence of components such as vitamins C and E, phenolics and other non-nutrient substances is Opuntia ficus indica (L). In a similar study, Ahmed, [24] reported that positive and highly significant relationship between total phenolics and antioxidant activity for different food by-products including ROSP, PPP and MPP. Also, Velioglu et al., [46] reported that the correlation coefficient between total phenolics and antioxidative activities of 28 plant products and by-products, including sunflower seeds, flaxseeds, wheat germ, buckwheat, several fruits, vegetables, and medicinal plants was statistically significant. Recently, Abou-Elella and Ali [14] reported that the antioxidant of the Egyptian Prickly Pear Cactus (Opuntia ficus-Indica) Peel potency showed significant relationship with the total phenolic content. Table (3) shows the bioactive components and antioxidant activity of control and enriched crackers with the tested by-products. The total dietary fiber, carotenoids and phenolics content in crackers increased from 5.89, 3.01 and 110.23 to 8.11, 14.34 and 143.28 with 5% incorporation of PPPP and 8.74 g.100g -1 , 7.88 mg.g -1 and 192.79 mg EGA.g -1 with 5% incorporation of PPP, respectively. In parallel, the antioxidant activity (AA) in control crackers was 30.11% which increased to 38.14 and 42.07% with the incorporation of PPPP and PPP by 5%, respectively. Tested by-products enriched crackers showed strong activity probably due to their high bioactive compounds (carotenoids and phenolics) content.

Bioactive Components and Antioxidant Activity of Control and Composite Flour Crackers
Many similar studies indicated that big differentiations have been recorded amongst different tested by-products. For example, Onyeneho and Hettiarachchy, [47] reported that the peels from the red potatoes contained more polyphenols than those from the brown-skinned varieties. Furthermore it was shown that the peel and the pulp of the tubers contain nine phenolic acids differed in their concentrations and appeared to be mainly responsible for the strong antioxidant activities of the peel extracts. Ashoush and Gadallah, [48] investigated the effect of mango peels powders (MPP) at different replacing levels (5, 10, 15 and 20%) and mango kernels powders (MKP) at (20,30,40 and 50%) antioxidant properties of biscuits were evaluated. The content of phenolics increased from 3.84 to 24.37 mg/g of biscuit incorporated with deferent levels of MPP and MKP. The biscuits incorporated with MPP and MKP exhibited an improvement in their antioxidant properties. Also, El-Sadany, [49] found that the mean of phenolic acids content was 2439.21± 113.8 mg/100 g extract of potato peel. Recently, Ahmed [26] indicated that breads formulated with food by-products (PPP, CLP, ROSP and MPP) exhibited increased total dietary fiber (TDF) content. The TDF content in control breads was 6.98 g.100g -1 which increased to 8.22, 8.72, 8.37 and 9.14 g.100g -1 with the incorporation of PPP, CLP, ROSP and MPP by 5%. The total carotenoids content in control breads was 2.56 mg.g -1 which increased to 8.90, 10.02, 7.01 and 22.04 mg.g -1 with the incorporation of PPP, CLP, ROSP and MPP by 5%.The total phenolics content in control biscuits was 1.33 mg.g -1 which increased to 103.86, 56.12, 349.43 and 298.05 mg EGA.g -1 with the incorporation of PPP, CLP, ROSP and MPP by 5%. Also, many studies carried out by Hegazy, [50], and Ahmed [26] indicated that there was a positive and significant (p < 0.01) relationship between total phenolics and antioxidant activity in different plant parts. Plant-based foods generally are considered important sources of antioxidants in the diet. Antioxidants help protect cells from the potentially damaging physiological process known as "oxidative stress" (damage to healthy cells or DNA by unpaired electrons known as free radicals). Oxidative stress is thought to be associated with the development of chronic diseases including cancer, heart disease, conditions of ageing including neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease. There are a variety of plant antioxidants with different chemical structures. There are the antioxidant nutrients such as vitamins C, E, β-carotene and the trace element selenium (found in MPP) for which there are Dietary Reference Values (DRVs). However, there are thousands of other bioactive compounds in foods that have antioxidant activity but are not classified as "nutrients." These "non-nutrient antioxidants" include phenolic compounds such as found in PPPP and PPP [51].

Sensory Evaluation
Results of sensory evaluation in terms of colour, crunchiness, taste and overall acceptance are presented in Table (4). The PPPP and PPP crackers were significantly different (p≤0.05) in colour. The PPP crackers were shown to be the least liked by the panelists. It is reported by Broyart, [52] that the initial acceptance of baked products is much influenced by colour, which can also be an indicator of baking completion. As PPP flour imparts a dark brown colour to the crackers, this might have given the panelists an impression of 'over-baked' product, thus affecting their likings. For colour, among the tested food by-products, the colour of PPPP crackers was rated the highest (7.79) by the panelists. The desirable colour of crackers is mainly due to the Millard browning during baking. However, in PPPP crackers, the colour could be partially contributed by the carotenoid in PPPP flour which imparts a yellowish colour to the crackers. Similar findings were reported in a study by Brennan et al., [53] who observed that an increased flour and thus muffin visual lightness (with more yellowness and brownness rather than dark and yellow green) yield a higher aroma, texture and colour acceptability scores. Colour was not significantly different (p≤0.05) between the control and PPPP crackers. Crispiness is perceived when food is chewed between molars, and is usually expressed in terms of hardness and fracturability. In this study, there was no significant difference (p≤0.05) in crispiness amongst the different samples with different composite flour cracker types. This observation could be due to the small percentage of wheat flour substitution in the crackers formulation, which did not affect the gluten network in the dough nor the development of an open internal structure upon baking.
In similar study, Sudha et al., [20] reported that in biscuits prepared from different cereal fiber and found to be crispy at incorporation level of 40% oat bran, with a very small increase in hardness. No significant difference (p≤0.05) was observed in terms of taste between the control and PPPP crackers. This could probably be due to the nature of PPPP which did not impart any additional flavour to the crackers. However, PPPP was significantly different (p≤0.05) in taste as compared to the control and PPP crackers. The lowest score for the PPP crackers could be attributed to the 'potatony' after-taste, as commented by some of the panelists. There was no significant difference (p≤0.05) in term of overall acceptability among the control and PPPP. This could be attributed to the close resemblance of the cracker types in terms of the colour, crispiness and taste of the commercial crackers in the market. However, the PPP crackers were significantly different (p≤0.05) in overall acceptance. The lower ratings for the PPP crackers could be due to the unpleasant taste of the crackers. In similar study of Ashoush and Gadallah, [48] investigated the effect of mango peels powders (MPP) at different replacing levels (5, 10, 15 and 20%) and mango kernels powders (MKP) at (20,30,40 and 50%) on sensory properties of biscuits were evaluated. Acceptable biscuits with mango flavor were obtained by incorporating up to 10% MPP and with MKP up to 40%. Recently, Ahmed [26] acceptable breads with MPP and CLP were obtained by incorporating up to 5%. . Wheat flour was also substituted with PP in the production of white bread, but it increased crumb darkening and reduced the loaf volume [54]. Also, Orr et al., [55] found that PP caused a musty odor in breads, but the extrusion of potato peel before its utilization can diminish this aroma from the final product. Additionally, Abdel-Magied, [56] mentioned the effect of using PP in biscuit processing. The resulted biscuits produced using 5 and 10% (w/w) of PP replaced wheat flour were smaller in terms of their stack weight and sensory score (color and appearance) in proportion to the levels used. In addition, supplementary biscuits were harder to bite than control biscuits.

Conclusion
The chemical composition of PPPP and PPP showed that they are a good source of dietary fibers and bioactive compounds such as carotenoids and phenolics. Crackers samples enriched with that by-products showed higher TDF, carotenoids and total phenolics content than the control samples. Increasing of such bioactive compounds in PPPP and PPP incorporated crackers exhibited improving of their antioxidant activity subsequently their properties as functional foods. The tested by-products incorporated crackers by 5% doesn't affect on their overall quality.