Rapid Analysis of Phyical Parameters of Tape Water in Benadir Region, Mogadishu Somalia

This study was designed to determine the Physical Parameters of Tap water to evaluate their quality in Benadir region, Mogadishu Somalia, The objective of this study was to investigate the presence of dissolved chemical in tap water in Benadir region. Methods: The study design was used analysis methods with experimental test of tape water in Mogadishu, Somalia. Researchers used rapid detection strips like pH, specific gravity, and the Sample size was 31 out of 35 of target sample, 31 sample is least sample size that can be used. The sample procedure was non probability particularly snow ball. The Result: in table 1, declares sample took was different (some districts took one sample, others with two samples, or three samples and four samples) so they got different percentage, the major sample was 4 and took in Yaqshid district with percentage 12.9%, also the pH 5.0 has 35.5%, pH 5.5 has 16.1% and pH 6.0 has 19.4%, all have lower than the normal ranges, their total percentages was 71% which means the tape waters in Mogadishu have lower pH than the normal ranges mentioned by WHO. So that the results in table 2 have 1 (3.2%), was 1.000 SpG, which means the one sample took in Wadajir district was normal water, 8 (25.8%) was 1.005 SpG, in eight samples (Yaqshid, Abdiaziz, Kaxda, Hilawaa, Wadajir, and daynile) 13 (41.9%) was 1.010 SpG, in thirteen samples, 7 (22.6%) was 1.015 SpG, in seven samples, 1 (3.2%), was 1.020 SpG, in one sample and last 1 (3.2%), was 1.025 SpG, in one sample. The table 3; shows you that the nitrogen presence in water, the result was 27 (87.1%) of the samples was Negative nitrogen, and 4 (12.9%) of the samples was positive nitrogen. Conclusion: Water sample from the studied area was not good for drinking because they have low Ph and also they have high specific Gravity (1.05) Recommendation: Researchers recommend first; to mobilize the community through mass media to educate the harmful effect of water on human health, secondly; the government must establish center for water purification and distribute them to save the lives of the whole community.


Introduction
In Somali there is less access to safe drinking water in most parts in Benadir region. Only 45% of Somalis have access to improved water sources and this increases the prevalence of waterborne diseases. [1] Subsequently, the total over all Mogadishu's population went back to shallow wells supply for drinking water as mentioned WHO. Consequently risk of epidemics increased considerably because of the poor quality of the sanitary environment and more specifically the contamination of the wells. Starting from 1994, cholera has unfortunately been endemic in Somalia. The last outbreak in December 98 to July 1999 reported more than 10 000 cholera cases [2].
There is no Water quality monitoring and house water treatment and safe storages, those are critical interventions to reduce the contamination of water. This study was designed to determine the Physiochemical Parameters of Tap water to evaluate their quality in Benadir region, Mogadishu Somalia, The objective of this study was to investigate the presence of dissolved chemical in tap water in Benadir region.

Backgrounds
Before the collapse of ex-Presidents Mohamed siyad the system of Water for Mogadishu was harvested from the well field of Afgoi (Ceelasha), about 18 km north-west of the town, and from the well field of Balcad, located about 17 km to the north-east. [3].
The Balcad well fields after that were closed down at the end of 1992 due to the poor condition, this time there is no governmental authority repairing it, and the country was in civil war. The Afgoi well fields were operational until mid-1995, as Mentioned ICRC. Of the 32 boreholes only two have collapsed. Presently 14 are, in principle, fully operational, the others need pumps and other equipment in 1997. [4] Later on, it was supposed hand dig wells to use as domestic water distributed by Private Owners Companies, those facilities to cover the water needs of each districts, but there is no survey to detect the parasites of the water used as drinking water for whole communities in Mogadishu Somalia. As mentioned by Libessart, Y. et all (2000), the entire Mogadishu's population went back to shallow wells supply for drinking water and cleaning purposes. That exist some districts still using shallow wells for their tape water. [4,5] This article was attempt to discover the physiochemical within water that can possible cause acute and chronic illness to the susceptible persons (children and olders), also took randomly samples from some of wells used in each districts as tape water or drinking, while some people can be used Distilled water as drink water, but most of the communities in Mogadishu are used to tape water as cooking and drink water.

PH of Water
The pH of water is a measure of the acid-base balance and, In mostly the normal value of drinking water is neutral 7.0, in most natural waters, is controlled by the carbon dioxide-bicarbonate-carbonate equilibrium system, but in others water like by human sewage and industrial effluent is control by many different chemicals and biological substances. [6]. The Rahmanian, N et al (2015) in Malaysia, found that the pH values of water samples was in the range between 7.01 and 8.21, where the lowest and highest values are from samples 5 (Taman Maju (TM)), [7].
In Health effect the pH usually has no direct impact on water consumers, but High PH or Low PH mentioned by WHO 2007 Guideline, Strong concentrated acids or alkalis are corrosive, whereas dilute and weak acids and alkalis are not corrosive.
Sofi, M. H., et al (2014), they found after tested two Mice with Nonobese diabetic with acidic PH water and Natural water they got, Female NOD mice that were maintained on acidic pH water (AW) developed insulitis and hyperglycemia rapidly compared with those on neutral pH water (NW). so the acidic PH of drinking water can influence increase severity of Diabetics patients. [8].
Also that is relationship between PH of drinking water and cognitive impairment of elders as epidemiological study done by Jacqmin, H. et al (1994) they found When the four variables (calcium, aluminum, pH, and aluminum × pH interaction) were considered in the statistical analysis as a group, this group was significantly related to cognitive impairment (p = 0.01). [9]

Specific Gravity of Water
The specific gravity ("Sp.G.") is common measurement standard tools used to measure the of solids, gases and Liquids. So the specific gravity of a liquid states you how much more or less dense the liquid is than water. Water has a specific gravity of 1.000 (at temperature near 4°C) which is the standard measurement of pure water. If a liquid is denser than pure water, then its specific gravity will greater than 1. If it is less dense than pure water, then the specific gravity is less than 1. [10].
The researcher seemed too good, to determine the specific of tape water to know the density of that water when compared to pure water at temperature near 4°C. so that it is not standard when looking for water testing procedure, but it is the theory of researcher to add this measurement for testing water purity.

Nitrogen in Water
The guidelines for drinking water quality wrote by who (2017), mentioned that there is association of nitrate intake with primarily gastric cancers. But not know actual amount of nitrate to cause the gastric cancers. Also suggests that exposure to nitrate in drinking-water may alter human thyroid gland function by competitively inhibiting thyroidal iodide uptake, leading to altered thyroid hormone concentrations and functions. [11,12].
Presence of Nitrogen in small quantity is good and have not influence the health, but in large quantity of nitrogen in drinking water cause many problem to public health. As the normal value mentioned by Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 10 mg/L standard as the maximum contaminant level (MCL) for nitrate-nitrogen and 1 mg/L for nitrite-nitrogen for regulated public water systems. [13] 4. Methods

Study Design
The study design was used analysis methods with experimental test of tape water in Mogadishu, Somalia. Researchers used rapid detection strips like pH, specific gravity, nitrogen because this was simple and available methods that we can examine the tape water.

Study Area
The study area was all districts of benadir region, not directly contacted the community but the researchers took samples of tape water (300 ml) from the districts in Mogadishu, also there was districts took more than two to three samples for reason of availabilities. Sample size was 31 out of 35 of target sample, 31 sample is least sample size that can be used. The sample procedure was non probability particularly snow ball, because the circumstance had caused not to get full samples.

Materials Used to Water Testing
The materials used was simple matters like Ph meter, urine strips testing for both specific gravity and Nitrogen of tape water, because researcher not have available tools for water testing, there is not existing data about the water testing and so on, researcher tried to used simple materials which was available and good to estimate the general quality of water.

Data Analysis
The data was analysed by using SPSS version 16.0, descriptive statistics was presented using tables. And also presented their significant P value, to know if it was acceptable or not.

Results of the Study
The result was focused on three sections, first section was presented frequency of samples on districts, the second section was consists of three frequency tables, to present the percentage difference of PH, specific gravity and Nitrogen. And lasts section was descriptive statistics and significance P value.
The PH (power of hydrogen), is assigned as one of the essential water quality parameters used for water testing. Measurement of pH as common way relates to the water acidity or alkalinity. So the sample is considered to be ranked between "1-14", as separation the acid will have the pH is below 7.0. In the meantime, it is alkaline will have the pH is higher than 7.0, and 7.0, will be the neutral.
The pH of the tape water samples was between (5.0 up to 7.0), as know the WHO guidelines presented the normal drinking water pH ranges in between 6.5 and 8.5 (Table 2), the pH 5.0 has 35.5%, pH 5.5 has 16.1% and pH 6.0 has 19.4%, all have lower than the normal ranges, their total percentages was 71% of the total percentages, that means 71% of tape water in Mogadishu has lower pH than the normal ranges mentioned by WHO.  The table 2 above, presented the specific gravity of tape water samples that collected in different district in Mogadishu Somalia, as you we know the specific gravity also known as relative density is the ratio of density of water to the density of a reference substance. So pure water with no salts has 1.000, and Sea-water has specific gravity 1.025 -1.030, and there are many other water like tape water, shallow wells water and pond water have specific gravity between 1.05 -1.020.
(Reference Chester K. wentworth 1939). So that the results in table 2 have 1 (3.2%), was 1.000 SpG, which means the one sample took in Wadajir district was normal water, 8 (25.8%) was 1.005 SpG, in eight samples (yaqshid, abdiaziz, Kaxda, Hilawaa, Wadajir, and daynile) 13 (41.9%) was 1.010 SpG, in thirteen samples, 7 (22.6%) was 1.015 SpG, in seven samples, 1 (3.2%), was 1.020 SpG, in one sample and last 1 (3.2%), was 1.025 SpG, in one sample.  The table 3; shows you that the nitrogen is mostly sign of high nutrient in water, so 27 (87.1%) of the samples was Negative nitrogen, and 4 (12.9%) of the samples was positive nitrogen. So that means the tape water samples was mostly negative with percentages 27 (87.1%). As we know WHO guideline of drinking water nitrogen  Table 4 presented you significant P value of the data in SPSS one-Sample test. Researcher had test value 3, so the result had significant P value or Sig. (2-tailed) = 0.000 which means the test is significant, because the used the rule was, If P > 0.05 the test is not significant (the sample is not significantly different than µ = 3). In last, the analysis of the of sample test showed that the dominant answer of that questions are significance no difference at all except Specific gravity have significance P value = 0.730, which indicates that there are difference in specific gravity.

Discussion
The study was presented to determine the Physical Parameters (PH, Specific Gravity, and Nitrogen test), of Tap water to evaluate their quality in Benadir region, Mogadishu Somalia, the table 1: Cross tabulation of Districts and PH of water, was consists of levels of PH tested tape waters in all districts of benadir Regions, the highest rank of PH was 95.1% was acidic water which means the water PH.
The physical properties of tape water sample that were collected different districts in benadir region, Mogadishu Somalia, researchers made the following conclusion. Water sample from the studied area was not good for drinking because they have low Ph then normal and also they have high specific Gravity (1.05) then normal (1.0) which indicates there a lot of chemical dissolved with in it, some sample have 1.20 Sp, which was near the specific Gravity of sea water, As we known Mogadishu is located in Indian oceans. Finally water samples was very less or low level to get nitrogen within that is good points. Water samples were detected that there was very clear in appearance they have not any turbidity and floating matters, in odder they was good, but some has turbid like odors, but test was hard, salty and normal like water. [14]

Conclusion
This study was focus on testing tape waters on benadir regions Mogadishu Somalia, the general objective of this research was to determine Physical Parameters of Tap water to evaluate their quality. The research methods that researchers used was analysis methods with experimental test of tape water. Researchers used rapid detection strips like pH, specific gravity, and the Sample size was 31 out of 35 of target sample. The results was PH tested tape waters in all districts of benadir Regions, the highest rank of PH was 95.1% was acidic water, they have high specific Gravity (1.05) then normal (1.0) and low level to get nitrogen.

Recommendation
Researchers recommend first; to mobilize the community through mass media to educate the harmful effect of water on human health, secondly; the government must establish center for water purification and distribute them to save the lives of the whole community. Thirdly; the government must make continuous monitoring of ground water for their physical and chemical properties. Fourthly: Private companies working with water distribution must use large filters to simplify the density of water and lesser their contamination.