A RESEARCH ON THE ROLE PLAYED BY LOCAL AND INTERNATIONAL MEDIA INTO CONFLICT MANAGEMENT

While several scholar had drew their study focusing on the role of media into conflict management, Hume et al. (2014) few have pay to attention to the types, levels, and phases of the conflict, Hyland and Makowsky (2006). Looking to fulfill the research gap, this study was aimed to investigate the effect of media into conflict management focusing on the level of media. Israel and Palestine conflict was used as a case study and to frame the analysis, the research data were collected through a series of questionnaires. As concluded by Kim, Amouzegar, and Ao 2016), local media are a potential tool deescalating in global conflict, our finding show that local media are source of peace building and conflict deescalating however international media interfere into conflict management according to his national interest and as an instrument of influencing foreign policy to the parties involve. We finally concluded that the current and future relationship and level of tension between Israel and Palestine can be predicted by Al jazera.


INTRODUCTION
Media scholars and researchers, public opinions and view points and observers have always accused both local and international media and journalists of having, at best, put oil on fire, at worst, fomenting the conflict. Regard to this issue, lack of studies have been undertake to seek to understand on how they impacted through their report on the conflict management. The role of media in conflict management continues to evolve, as it requires a more comprehensive and general understanding of these aspects into conflict management. Robinson (2016) argued that understanding the impact of media reporting on conflict requires a new framework that captures the multilevel and hybrid media environments of contemporary conflicts. The role of media and the dynamics of geopolitical conflicts is a complicated and important problem. Media is also known as an independent actor that creates pressure for action on issues it deems necessary or justified. Therefore, it is important to develop this knowledge because of the dynamics of political and media conflicts which are closely related make different regions with consequences and opportunities. Unfortunately, when relevant experiments and research continue to develop and occur, the current view on the subject is still being planned. Therefore, this study consistently aims to research, identify and properly address the adverse impact at a comparative level between the local and international media because they result in many hindrances to that would help to known their impact at individual level. This study offers a path towards that aim, by investigating in how the media in their report influence positively and negatively into conflict escalation. In this sense, the study approach provides the hybrid concept of (P. Robinson 2016), which shows that different levels of media can be fluid and that their interaction also produces the results of the most important both top-down and bottom-up enterprises. This study contributions are also part of (Gilboa 2003) approach to understanding the interactions between local, and international media. (Helmke and Levitsky 2004), also, the aim is to broaden the scope of media analysis through empirical research. In particular, we need to be aware of the "local" level of media studies, as media coverage of the conflict ultimately generates local conflicts and political dynamics, and because of the discrepancies that often exist between the level where the conflicts occur and how they are narrated throughout different media layers. This innovation should allow scholar and researchers, to better understand the complex relationships between the media (local and international media) and the conflict management, which should produce better theories and research.
PREVIOUS STUDIES To understand objectively the nature and role of the media in conflict management, it is important to understand the different ways in which the media influences the management of conflicts and conflicts. (Newbold 1995)argued that most academics and researchers have focused on the role of the media in economic, social and political issues that affect states and pay little attention to conflict. In addition, the impact of the media on conflict management is an emerging field that has been studied due to the lack of multi-disciplinary models and concepts to examine the role of media in a conflict perspective.
The overall statistical summary of armed political conflicts provides a basic understanding of the current situation in terms of destruction, loss of life and suffering. Several researchers have pointed out that globalization has brought about important qualitative changes in the goals and dynamics of violent conflict. Some, like Kaldor, (Armao et al. 2015), argue that it was the information technology revolution of the 1980s and 1990s that led to a particular type of globalization, which led to the need to redefine what we consider. As means and conflicts. Even if the media can give us the intensity of the violence, the place where they fight, why, how and who fights, the main problem of the influence of the media on the populations, which ultimately determines the orientation of the media . ways. Conflict, it was not determined. Most violent conflicts are asymmetrical and occur mainly within state boundaries. What is important to emphasize, especially with regard to the role of the media, is to win the "heart and mind" of people. Since a state is almost always militarily superior, non-state actors are more dependent on psychological warfare, which implies influencing the attitudes and perceptions of a population, for example, through the media (Himelfarb and Chabalowski 2008). As a result, the media dimension has become increasingly important and it is no coincidence that media assistance has emerged and gained importance since the end of the Cold War. The media has a very complex role to play, which, unfortunately, is often taken for granted by policy makers and the military. Decision-makers often claim that statements affirming the impressive effects of the media are heard. Politicians, and even researchers, often assume the effect of the media in political conflicts. A 1995 study shows that 64% of US officers are still convinced that the media is the main cause of the ruin of the Vietnam war effort (Wiley and Junei 2014). In these circumstances, it is surprising, and perhaps even alarming, that relatively little research and resources have been devoted to a better understanding of the role of the media in armed conflict and the democratization of states (Wiley and Junei 2014)。 The recent acceleration of democratization is another aspect that has important consequences for the media in violent conflicts. This began before the end of the cold war, but since then a "fourth wave" of democratization has begun (Greenberger 2006). The democratizing states are participating in a complex process of rehabilitating traditional political structures and attempting to integrate democratic institutions and norms. The integration of independent, responsible and pluralistic media at the editorial and economic level is essential for democratization. Political changes often stimulate hope and offer unique opportunities for different groups in society, often previously marginalized, to influence political dynamics, while those who control power may have difficulty accepting or not being conceivable (Greenberger 2006). In such a situation, the media could play an invisible role in the division of groups of society in terms of social status. Discrimination against the marginalized, led by the political elite, could provide the media with an appropriate motive for creating and reinforcing the triggers and triggers of the conflict by using "oppositional metaphors" ("us" as opposed to "them"). (Van Dijk 2013). However, this indirect influence of the media on conflicts has not been sufficiently emphasized.

International Media and internal conflict
In the media landscape, the international media's "information war" precedes "war information" and even encourages the "war communication" mode that several scholar have attempted to analyze,. It results from the modalities of competition between the media, especially television channels when covering a war. For example in the handling of the Iraq crisis by the Bush Administration, this is what it was about: communicating in order to convince the world, "friends" and "enemies", of its desire to arrive on D-Day at the end announced the war against Iraq (Habermas 2006). In our view, there is no doubt that the Bush administration's communication during this Iraq crisis was already a "war communication". Certainly, by nature, the crisis is a natural tropism for the mass media. From experience, it generates an increased audience while reemerging dubious modes of communication such as rumor, forgery or ideological intoxication, undermining the activity of the information professionals who are journalists as well as those of the media responsible for public communication, including the rulers. We have seen in recent conflicts in Bosnia, Rwanda, Serbia, Kosovo, Ivory Coast, Iraq and elsewhere, how "hatred" can be a driving force for communication strategies and to present oneself under appearances of good form or good tone , (Kendzior 2010). Insofar as recent history proves that media competition is gaining momentum in international conflicts and highlighting the international media, it reveals a new "information crisis" that is not just the result of crisis ". In the context of the "war in Iraq" and its aftermath, war communication has avoided too much disruption of the media system. This would have presented a risk to the very credibility of the actors in power, the media and the democratic regime as well. In the context of the evolution of known media practices, a military intervention can not drag on even if the political power so wishes. A fortiori when time does not have the same meaning as yesterday, in the era of permanent, real or possible. In terms of mediated communication within a democratic regime, one can not remain in a monocular or unilateral approach to conflicts or major crises. International pressure, with its interplay of relations between States and economic actors, is a reality that also leads the international media to open the horizons and to consider the problems in all their dimensions and in all their extensions by sensitizing or challenging public opinion. In the absence of debates, the major risk is that of a diversion of democracy for the sole purpose of the supporters of political power, or even their collusion with the key economic and media actors. Usually, international media take part in conflict management when in most situations of increasing tension or when the conflict reaches the threshold of violence, (Mensah and Acquah 2017). As (Menaut et al. 1990) added that usually it is after a precipitating event, such as a "refugee exodus or a massacre", that is sufficiently photogenic and dramatic enough that push international media to report.
Once the international media has expressed interest in a conflict, unfortunately, the critical moment of prevention usually comes to an end. Without denying, international media are an important part of mass media consumption in terms of information on conflict situation. For example in Ivory coast civil war, during the single party until the coup of December 1999, it was the foreign press, newspapers, radio and television that spread the information (Koné 1989, Pierre et al. 2010. It is also common to find in the local media "copy-pasting" of articles from the foreign press and transcripts of statements taken from Western radio or television. Thus, foreign and international media, albeit with a small audience, are considered alternative media. Decades of political monopartism have given those international media such as France 24, RFI, CNN, Al Jazeera, New York Times, Russia Today, CCTV and others the status of an information authority for both readers and journalists. Currently, the old alternative media are under suspicion and are accused, especially in the favoring people of playing the enemy's game. This brief overview of the media landscape reveals the tensions and contradictions that characterize the situation of the media and their actors, which are part of a logic of political confrontation. Voluntarily or not, newspapers are often linked to political interests that are necessarily partisan. Indeed, newspapers are seen as instruments of conquest and conservation of political power (Arpa 2016). International media can easily capture the world's attention regarding the conflict through their report. As they occupy a prominent place in daily life, especially in developing countries, they are therefore able to spread conflicts over the world. These days in most armed conflicts, governmental and non-territorial reasons; Parties often worry about making sure that people are "on their side", which can distort the facts and try to control the flow of information. For the same reason, the intervention of free and impartial global media is important not only for the global public, but also for those directly affected. However, there still a small number of conflicts that receive the attention of the international media.

Local Media and Conflict
In an internal or international conflicts, it always noted that local media play a crucial role in the conflict management. However, local media intervention in an international conflicts is usually serve for commercial interests, for example the Australian report during the conflict of the Democratic Republic of (Hawkins 2009). Local media can also joined the flag of patriotism or report in the interests of the nation, for example the British media during the Falklands war in 1982 (Goddard, Robinson, and Parry 2008). But, local media can report international conflicts to strengthen certain local agendas and reactivity based on ideological claims, for example when Dutch media presented stereotypical reports about the war in Bosnia and proposals for the Dutch government (Gibbert n.d.). Local media can also be involved in international conflicts to protest the interests of geopolitics and ideological values that determine their existence and function. In other words, local media can only report internal or international conflicts through ethical responsibility to attract the attention of local audiences to the national or international crisis, for example the British Daily Mirror part of the invasion of Iraq by the United States (Goddard, Robinson, and Parry 2008). .

Local Media and Internal Conflict
Local media play the essential role during the conflict (Elfadil and Suliman 2014). bequeath the information through community radios in different language can help reach people from different regions and different domination more easily. Thus, citizens of the country involve in the conflict can be reached directly and their experiences and personal lives can be integrated much better compare to international media. However, the danger of political manipulating and igniting ethnic tensions can not be ignored. Usually in civil or armed conflict, local media including radio and TV in their report used to convey messages of peace to combatants and refugees visiting border areas (Elfadil and Suliman 2014). As the structures of democratic impose the need of the society actively participates in the creation and dissemination of content, (Jobbins and Ahitungiye 2016) Local media are deem to have a deeper knowledge of the existing political issues, the background of the participants in the conflict, and the changes that preceded the onset of violence. We all know that conflicts do not occur spontaneously but tend to have a history. Local media might not only tend to influence the society before the conflict by recognizing and treating the problem correctly, but also afterwards. Unlike international media that cover conflict, local media are recognized as part of the society with the ability to accelerate and amplify fears or reduce them. However, we may not ignore that journalism can play a role in conflict escalating, which also demonstrates the potential for positive goals. The media has the power to calm tensions before they reach a critical point and to keep a critical eye on the government, the opposition and society. By providing reliable information and reaching a wide audience, the media helps to manage conflict and promote democratic principles. After conflict, reconciliation and development of society can also be encouraged, (Fischer 2012).

Local Media and International Conflict
The information given by local media in an internal conflict is usually different when in an international conflicts. According (Singelis et al. 1999), to understand the phenomenon of inter group interaction within the period of international conflict, we needs to integrate various layers of analysis. Local media in international crisis are the vehicle for political processes. Hass, (Gardner and Plant 2016) added that local media are the canal that transmitting the message between politics and citizens. Although the importance of local media in conflict is recognized (International et al. 2006), it is clear that (Blondel et al. 2004), observations confirm that "many scholar pay more attention on the role of international media in conflict . In addition, few studies which have been conducted on the role of local media in attracting media attention in international crisis. We all notice that in case of clashes between parties, the parties shall communicate with each other, not between themselves, but as private members. International connotation is a societal feature of conflict (Carlin and Louis 2008). In addition, international conflicts claim to be politically based on citizenship and not on ethnic groups, male or female. (Nadeem 2014) argue that citizenship occurs when someone "participates in the struggle of his group to know that it is the most connected society". For example, the Scarborough Shoal crisis captures the identity of China or the Philippines, as well as China and the Philippines, and in the context of the Shaal Scarborough conflict, the people who describe each and every one of them. countries refer to other Chinese and Filipino, as groups or as a possible group of people. The construction of nationalism by the local media during the international conflict should not be used striking national symbols of loyalty such as flags, national anthems, or call for mass compliance with political leaders, (Elliott 2015). However, local media were strategically established to create a common mind not only because of the rapid in spreading information, but more often because the public tends to believe that information from media sources is a social reality rather than a subjective version of the media as an intrinsic reality (Lunt and Livingstone 2001). These communication strategies will become nationalist bias and undermines the perceived credibility of the media as the bearer of the truth. Maintaining the power of the media to build internal symbolic representations In the public space, reports must remain objective as easily as possible. However, loyalty to one's country can be built more subtly by the media. Mores (Li, Wu, andGao 2009,Tsaliki 1995) gave birth to what is commonly called superficial techniques. Nationalism (Billig 1995). Media has the power to show opinions from people who share different views point (Pitts and Nussbaum 2006). Social strength begins with the ability to change social reality and come to many perspectives (Lunt and Livingstone 2001). To understand media discussions, the information should be shown not just as smuggling, but also as a link between state and politics that plays an important role in society. (Lunt and Livingstone 2001) . Within the period of an international crisis, "media especially local media stand as a political vehicle, locate between politics and citizens" (Hass 2009). The national identity of local media is not just association with groups of State members, or groups outside the competing state, but also campaigns in other countries who are likely to be involved in regional conflicts. Thus, in the context of international crisis, each local media target the local audience. For example in the study of the role of Chinese and Philippine local media during the the Scarborough Shoal conflict, (Elliott 2015) found that there were two contradictory and nationalistic versions regarding this international conflict constructed by local media of the two countries. Nevertheless, on the far side the politicization of local media audiences to save their country at a any cost, the Chinese and Filipino media can also create reporting styles (Bell 1984) for third-party viewers (Simon and Kiel 2001)for example, the United States may be involved in regional conflicts as third party international.
METHODOLOGY To analyse the role of media both international and local in conflict management in this paper, we opted for exploratory research design which is commonly perceived as information retrieval tool for processing of one or more information within a complex document environment, in order to answer a question or solve a problem(Kombate 2017 and Papy and Chauvin n.d.) But, the need for information will be filled through research, sorting, reading and understanding knowledge-based documents (Gunther 1992, Schamber and Marchionini 2010, and Schamber and Marchionini 2010. The functioning of this paradigm was closely related to the idea that it was sufficient to formulate a survey questionnaires which leading to extract the information in adequacy with the need (Bates 1989). The international and geopolitical conflict that opposes Israel and Palestine was used as a case study in this paper. As argued by the media scholar (Abunimah 2006), -the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is the most international conflict treated by media‖. Meanwhile, this statement seem true, the question still if the quantity of media report matter more? Our approach in this study focused the intention on how the media coverage influence the conflict itself and more highlighted on the level of media (international and local) aspects. To frame the analysis, the researchers collected date through a survey questionnaires which was divided into two series of questionnaires. The first part designed to collect data regarding the role of local media into international conflict management, and in the second part the respondents was asked to answer regarding the role play by international media into international conflict management. The population of this study were media practitioners in Israel and Palestine and the convenient sampling method was used in selecting the respondents.

FINDING AND DISCUSSION Research Results on the Role of Local media in conflict management
The first part of the survey questionnaires sought to know the study background and career experience in media industry of the respondents (media practitioners). Source: Field data 2019 The results in table 1 showed that among the 206 local media practitioners in Israel and Palestine interviewees, 56.3% were old in the industry with career above 5 years of work experience and a considerable amount of 35% of the respondents have their work experience between 2 to 5 years which is somehow acceptable to hold a professional experience in the filed. But, 8.7% or 18 out of 206 respondents were new in the industry.
To know the level of education, the respondents were asked -What is your level of education‖ and 72.8% answered having their university first degree, 14.6% have master and PhD degree and 3.4% have graduated from Tertiary College. Only 4.4% are graduated from High School. However, among the 206 media practitioners interviewed, only 78.2% have a formal training in media accredited school in both Israel and Palestine and among them, 28.6% have Certificate level, 12.1% Diploma Level, 22.3% Degree Level and 15% Post Graduate Level.
To know the view points of our respondents regarding the relationship of Israel and Palestine, the question -In your opinion, how would you rate the relationship between Israel and Palestine‖? And, more that 80% or 172 out of 206 rated violent and extremely violent. Only 5.3% or 11 out of 206 rated peaceful and 11.3% rated average. The table 2 summarize the local media practitioner view point on the role of local media into international conflict management. To the first question -Each media station have a written station policy that controls programme content‖ the majority of the respondents 107 out of 206 rated disagree and strongly disagree and 25.8% rated agree and strongly agree which confirm that most of the local media doesn't have internal rule that regulate the program content. However, 64.5% disagree with the statement that -Media (broadcast or print) is the root cause of this conflict‖ against 9.7% who rated agree and strongly agree. This show that, meanwhile the local media station are not well organize, they are far away to cause conflict. 46.1% of the respondents agree that local media play a significant role in highlighting key issues related to Israeli -Palestinian conflict against 28.2%. And, 45.6% agree that Local media are playing an active role to avert the Israeli -Palestinian conflict against 25.5%. Looking to know how local media influence the public in promoting democracy and peace building, 42.3% of the participants are persuaded that local media are promoting democracy and peace initiatives as the priority in coverage the issue deserved against 21.8%. These three questions were asked to sought if local media in their framing and agenda setting fuel the international conflict that oppose the two Nations. The finding show that local media play the role of peace building and conflict resolution supporting the Finding of (Botes, Bosch, and Oosthuizen 1996)who argued that Local media are sensitive to the task of promoting tolerant and diverse perspectives, which can be informative and entertaining and have a broad audience potential. Local media in international conflict that oppose countries usually play a significant role in creating and furthering both facilitating factors and triggering factors, (Jäger and Link 1993;Van Dijk 1997) Research Results on the Role of International media in conflict management

Source: Data field 2019
To avoid any bias in the research, the questionnaires aiming to sough the role of international media in a conflict were also sent to the individual with profession as journalism or related. As shown in table 3, 90.8% or 228 out of 251 were journalists. The majority or 68.5% of the international media user access the information through online journalism. Only 23.9% use radio and 7.6% through TV news and broadcasting. Among the interviewees, the amount of 64.5% or 162 out of 251 international media

CONCLUSION
The research finding showed that International media are faraway in playing the role of mass education, Negotiation, either applying high journalistic standards. In line with our finding, previous studies such as (Gowing et al. 1994), (Shaw and Garlan 1996), (Perryman et al. 1997), (Minear, Scott, and Weiss 1996), (Gandini and Belgacem 1997), (R. A. Robinson and Stokes 2002), (Dannull et al. 2005), (Shaw and Garlan 1996), and (Oyserman, Kemmelmeier, and Coon 2002), all concluded their studies that International media such CNN, BBC, Al jazera and others actors intervene in conflict management according to their national interest, lack of certainty policy, and various factors including humanitarian reaction. Moreover, the results shown in table 3, the current and the future of Israel -Palestine conflict and peace building could be shape by Al jazera (more that 64.5% of the population international media users use Al jazera). This finding come in support of (Seib 2008)who concluded that The battle of hearts and minds in the Middle East did not take place in the streets of Baghdad, but in the events and news of Al Jazeera, The future of China was not developed by the Communist Party bureaucrats, but by bloggers who worked quietly in the cybercafe. The latest al-Qaeda attack will not take place at Osama bin Laden's funeral, but in cells around the world connected via the Internet. Al Jazeera intervention in Israel-Palestine conflict reflect it effect in influencing foreign policy and apply pressure on the parties involve in the conflict to address the issues. (Zingarelli 2010), argued that meanwhile international media can enhance mutual understanding among the parties involve, they can be the root case of conflict and misunderstanding.