The Model Design for Education Fund Investment Issues

In order to help the Goodgrant Foundation Education Fund to invest on higher education of American, this report makes the following scheme. Based on minimal risk principle, we employ statistical analysis and Python programming, to screen the 93 from about 3,000 schools, which are necessary to be invested. Structure Entropy and Factor Analysis are used to select the key indicators closely related investment returns. Then we design four-investment strategies, based upon the ratio of faculty and student. We consider the risk factors and total revenue, and then establish the investment return and risk model. According to investment benefit of first year, we make the investment strategy of the next few years. The next few years are with rule that returns on investments over the last year. This report will effectively help solve the Goodgrant Foundation Education Fund investment issues.


Introduction
Goodgrant Foundation is committed to helping schools to improve educational performance, but how to investment is an important issue. It should be taken into consideration that Schools in the area, the nature of the school, the proportion of teachers and students, graduation rates and income, and so on. The problem belongs to the education investment; the aim of investment return is to improve the performance of the investment before and after the investment. It should solve that the investment amount per school, the return on that investment, and the time duration that the organization's money should be provided to have the highest likelihood of producing a strong positive effect on educational performance.
Then we will make a certain analysis of the investment problem, according to the analysis of the result, we establish the corresponding models and give the corresponding investment strategy.

Analysis of the Problem
The Goodgrant Foundation is a charitable organization that wants to help improve educational performance of undergraduates attending colleges and universities in the United States. To do this, the Foundation intends to donate a total of $100,000,000 (US100 million) to an appropriate group of schools per year, for five years, starting July 2016. This is an education investment problem and the aim of investment return is to improve the educational performance. It should solve the problem that the investment amount per school, the return on that investment, and the time duration.
According to the indicators provided, to select the best candidates is a complex decision-making problem, because there are many factors we should take into account. For example, schools in the area, the nature of the school, the proportion of teachers and students, graduation rates and income, these factors need to be taking into consideration. We built models and make investment strategy to decide which school more needs to be funded and the investment amount.

Indicator Screening
According to the College Score card Data Dictionary, we select 7 preliminarily factors that affect the return on investment and improve the whole efficiency of investment.

Data Screening
In order to improve the effectiveness of indicators and avoid the risk of investment, we firstly make a preliminary screening of extreme data.

Index
Risk aversion interval HCM2 Financial transparency does not make contributions to consider LOCALE The busy regional universities do not give priority to consideration Number of subjects The number of subjects is not a priority UGDS Enrollment of fewer than 100 of the school is not a priority CURROPER Not currently certified as an operating institution NPT4_PRIV The amount of school fees ranked in the top 10% is not a priority Graduate retention rate Graduation rate of less than 30% is not a priority PCTFLOAN The federal loan ratio above 80% is not a priority md_earn_wne_p10 10 years after graduation, the average wage of more than 5000 dollars is not a priority gt_25k_p6 After 6 years of graduation, the annual salary of more than 2500 US dollars ratio is greater than 70% is not a priority NPT4_PRIV, NPT4_PUB The average tuition is over $15000. The school is not a priority PPTUG_EF A part-time ratio of 0 is not a priority Relevant financial indicators Fiscal transparency is not a priority Information provision The information provided is too few to give priority to (the number of NULL in more than half)

Model for Selecting
Assuming that there are k participants to participate in the survey, the number of recycling questionnaire is k, so each questionnaire corresponds to a set of indicators, denoted by U, = { , , ⋯ , } . The corresponding "structural entropy" denoted by { , , ⋯ , } , k pieces of questionnaire form the "structural entropy matrix", denoted by = { } × , the means of is that the evaluation of the participants No. i to the index No. j, i= l, 2,…, k; j =1, 2,…, n. Based on entropy theory to construct the structure entropy model, the standard entropy model is shown as follows: in the expression (1), let = , = , so (1) became this, = − ln (2) simplify it, get: Both sides divided by , and let in expression (6), q is sort number of participants give to the indicators. The greater impact of an investment indicator, the number of its sort before the more, vice versa. If the indicator a have "significant effect", the value of q is 1; if the indicator a have "greater impact", the value of q is 2, and so on.
Suppose sorted results of every participant are equally important, so calculate the average recognition degree. denoted by -, -4 = -+ -+ -5 + ⋯ + -/7 (8) Then calculate the uncertainty of every participant's cognition, denoted by 8 4 , According to the average awareness and blindness awareness of participants, calculate the general cognition, denoted by @ 4 , it can form the general cognition of all participants to all indicators, denoted by X = @ , @ , … , @ .
According to the general cognition.

Results and Analysis
(1) The important of indicator preliminary selection According to the results of the questionnaire survey, the formation of the dynamic evaluation of the investment efficiency of the primary key Indicator "typical sort matrix" by removal of noise processing we get "structure entropy matrix".
We get the dynamic evaluation of the key Indicator to sort the results shown in table 3. (2) The optimization of the key Indicator in the primary election Using SPSS software, the standard H values is 175.160 (136 degrees of freedom), reaching a significant level (ρ =0.000<0.001). This indicates that the set of standardized data is suitable for factor analysis. Similarly, the principal component analysis method, the relevant data to determine primary 18 dynamic evaluation of key indicator fate of variance of Varimax orthogonal rotation orthogonal is obtained after the common factors explain the total variance ability of 3-4 as shown in the following table.  Furthermore, the dynamic evaluation of the primary Key Indicator factor load matrix is analyzed, as shown in table 5. Based on, table 5 before and after the adjustment of factor loading matrix values were standardized, then It use Amos structural equation modeling software number extraction volume calculation of the two sets of standardized data, composite reliability (CR) and the average variation (AVE), in order to determine optimization adjustment of the results of the rationality.
(3) Indicator optimization results In summary, based on the structure factor entropy-analysis optimization model, and concludes that the key indicator selection optimization results as specified in table 5 shows.

Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process
Because many indicators weight involved in this paper is determined by experts or individuals, with people's subjective judgment and the numerical value of judgment factors to will be difference, so we choose the FAHP as the way to solve this problem.
(1) Built the hierarchy structure (2) Obtain the index weights, built fuzzy judgment matrix According to the hierarchy of evaluation index system, structure comparison judgment matrix.

Results and Analysis
Based on the above analysis, we obtain the following results, taking the indicator of A as an example, the other processes are the same: (1) Judging matrix According to the principle of maximum degree of membership, the school of "conduction of students", "educational environment", "graduate situation" belonging in the "medium", "medium ", "medium" grade, as represented by Figure 2.

Funding Strategies
Similarly, for each candidate school, we use the same method of calculation. According to the situation of the three indicators, we propose four funding strategies, corresponding to four different situations.

Type of indicators
Funding strategy There are two indicators of membership level is "high" at least A There is a indicator of membership level is "high", at least one indicator membership level to "Medium" B There are at least two membership level to "Medium" C There is a membership index rating of "medium" or three indicators are all "low" D According to the problem C, the foundation of existing $100000000 will be investment in 93 schools in a year. According to the three indicators above, we determine the coverage ratio of each funding strategy as represented by Figure 3. Because the number and quality of teachers determine the quality of schools and students in a large extent, so we decided to determine the amount of funding according to the Ratio of teachers and students. According to the ratio, we divide the schools into four categories and different types of investment are different. In order to achieve the greatest benefit of investment, in the first year, the amount of funding according to the indictors, from the list of schools to select the most need to invest in 93 schools, investment amount mainly based on teacher-student ratio and other indicators in the first year.
From the second year, funded mainly depend on the school's output efficiency, which is evaluated by the investment -return model. Under the circumstances of limited funds and time, according to the assessment results of each school grants to adjust the investment amount to achieve the maximum investment benefit. The process of building investment -risk assessment model in the No. 6 part. Table 9. Funding strategy.

Year
Funding strategy 1 According to the school indicators, establish the model to select the most need to invest in 93 schools, the teacher-student ratio as the main basis to determine the amount of funding 2, 3, 4, 5 According to the benefit of the school in the output, establish the investment -risk assessment model, and adjust the proportion of each school's funding to achieve the best benefit.
Base on the investment criteria, we used the PYTHON programming from the National Center for education statistics to search the teacher-student ratio of the 93 schools, calculated the funding amount of each school to accept. Due to limited space, a part of investment strategies are listed here.

Analysis
First, according to the thinking of the educational funding evaluation indicators system and the principle of setting indicators system, combined with the characteristics of philanthropic investments to determine the preliminary evaluation indicators system. Second, based on the rough set theory and method, design the scientific Evaluation system. Then, combined with the indicators, set up the investment income and risk model the best and the investment portfolio is obtained.
(1) Select scientific evaluation indicators After investment, we need to assess the return. Of course, many changes are difficult to quantify, but there are still some indicators to measure, these indicators are important basis for the establishment of the assessment model.
We chose a number of indicators to assess the effectiveness of the funding, see table 11 below: Graduation rate of students 3 Number of students enrolling 4 The impact of school in society 5 Proportion of school teachers and students 6 Academic research in schools Of course, we can also add more evaluation indicators, the by professionals to evaluate the performance of schools in funding before and after.
(2) The determination of risk indicators Any investment activity has its risk. The purpose is to maximize the investment efficiency, all of the risk factors are also very important to consider. The importance of risk indicators also need to be determined, the following is a model to consider some of the risk factors: Funded schools will not accept the amount of subsidy cost risk in education; Funded schools will not accept funding amount spent in probability to maximize the benefit of the local; Accepts funded schools although subsidy cost but the effect is not obvious in the probability of education;

Modeling
(1) Hypothesis All school data can be collected; Funded schools in the process of funding will normally operate; The weight of each index is set as close as possible to the actual level; (2) Symbol description I: i=1, funding strategy I; i=2, funding strategy II; i=3, funding strategy III; j: j=1, 2, 3,…, n, the number of school; m 4 : The amount of money received by the j School of the i class strategy. T : income of student after graduation before funding; Tn : income of student after graduation after funding; S : Graduation rate of school before funding; Sn : Graduation rate of school after funding; o : Enrollment quantity before funding; on : Enrollment quantity after funding; n : The impact degree of school in society before funding; nn : The impact degree of school in society after funding; p : Ratio of teachers and students before funding; pn : Ratio of teachers and students after funding; : Academic research situation before funding (quantify the number of published papers, to apply for a patent); n : Academic research situation after funding (quantify the number of published papers, to apply for a patent); M: The risk of the funding school accepted does not spent on education; p: The risk of the funding school accepted does not spent on the benefit maximization; q: The risk of the funding school accepted spent on education but the effect is not apparent; ( According to the formula, we can draw a variety of different investment strategies. Select RIO that can make the largest investment portfolio in strategies to achieve the largest investment benefit and the least risk. (4) Inspection Through the calculation of the last model, we can get the most benefit of the investment portfolio. There is no need to specialized test.

Conclusion
To help solve the Goodgrant Foundation Education Fund investment issues, the report above makes the Investment program. First of all, on the basis of the investment risk minimization principle, this paper screens the 93 schools which are necessary to be invested. And, the Structure Entropy and Factor Analysis optimization model is established to select the key indicators closely related investment returns. Then, based on the selected key indicators, the FAHP model is built to sort the 93 schools, and combine with the ABC analysis, the amount of investment in each school will be determined. Finally, by establishing the investment return and risk model, the optimal portfolio strategy is made. Overall, this report will effectively help solve the Goodgrant Foundation Education Fund investment issues.