Poor Feeding Pattern as a Factor Militating Against Students’ Achievement in Chemistry; A Mechanism for Sustainable Development

This research work examined poor feeding pattern as a factor militating against students’ academic achievement in chemistry which is a mechanism to sustainable development. Its main objective is to examine the Effects of feeding pattern on Academic Achievement of Students and to find out whether poor feeding is gender sensitive or not. In this study, a survey research design was used with an instrument titled Feeding Pattern as a Factor Militating against Students’ Achievement in Chemistry Questionnaire (FPMSACQ) and also their examination results for first term 2014/2015 academic session as data collection instrument with three hundred and six (306) respondents from six selected secondary schools from Sabon Gari local Government Area of Kaduna state chosen as sample using Krejcie and Morgan table of determining sample size. The analytical tools used was statistical package for social sciences (SPSS, Version 20). The result obtained shows that food insecurity has no significant effect on student’s academic achievements in the study area this is as a result of the fact that the students were found to have good feeding pattern, since the P value is higher than the alpha level of significance ≤0.05. Further investigation and analysis was done which shows that food security has significant effect on the student’s academic achievement since the alpha level of significance was found to be P≤ 0.05. It is recommended that the government should inculcate standard educational programs for orphans and also NGO’s should aid the government.


Introduction
Food is one of the most basic needs necessary for human survival and is achieved through qualitative feeding practices. The feeding practices and access to appropriate quality and quantity of foods are vital components of optimal nutrition for young children [1]. According to the United States' Department of Agriculture [2] food security is defined as having dependable access to enough food for active and healthy living. Conversely, poor feeding pattern or lack of consistence access to adequate food means that the food intake of one or more household members was reduced and their eating pattern were disrupted at times during the year because the household lack money and other resources for food. The USDA classifies households by the level of feeding pattern they have experienced i.e. either poor feeding pattern or good feeding pattern. The poor feeding pattern status of household with children is further classified by whether it affects only adult or children, and by the level of poor feeding among children.
Poor feeding pattern is generally defined as chronic condition which is a consequence of over or under-consumption of any or several essential of micronutrients relative to the individual psychological and pathological requirements [3]. Children who do not consume adequate amounts of key nutrients such as calcium, potassium and vitamin C may be unable to work to their full potential at school [4]. [5] Concur that poor feeding in childhood hinder mental development solely by producing permanent structural damage to the brain. A child's brain during the first three years of life is rapidly developing through generation of neurons synapthogenesis, axonal and dendric growth and synapthic pruning of which build upon each other. Any interruption in this process such trauma, stress, under nutrition or lack of nutrient can have long term effects on the brain structure and on the child's social development, emotional development and academic performance. Thus, research has established that poor nutrition in early life can limit long term intellectual development [6]. Implicit to the above children should not be exposed to malnutrition even at an early age for it has to do with academic performance and socio-religious development.
Academic achievement points to the extent to which individuals have gained from a particular curriculum, subject or task based on relatively standardized experiences such as a class test [7]. Effective learning and sound academic achievement are said to constitute an integral part of the goal of schooling [8]. Even the larger society is aware of the long term effect of high or low academic achievement since graduates from educational institutions are expected to shape the destiny of society [9]. Unfortunately, academic achievement is on the downward trend and this has remained on the sacrosanct (grave) concern to many educationist [10]. Education is one of the most important factor in Nigeria quest to become one of the largest economies by the year 2020. However, with the recent state of education in Nigeria, measures need to be taken to over head the system in order for it to serve as a reliable and efficient vehicle for the attainment of vision [11].
Chemistry is one of the science subjects students are to offer at the senior secondary school level, which is identified as one of the important science subjects. Thus, chemistry is a branch of physical science that studies the composition, structure, properties and change of matter. Chemistry deals with such topics as the properties of individual atom, how atoms form chemical bonds to create chemical compounds, the interaction of substances through intermolecular forces that gives matter its general properties, and the interaction of substances. Chemistry is sometimes called central science because it breaches other natural sciences such as physics, geology and geography. Scholars disagree about the entomology of the word chemistry. The history of chemistry can be traced to alchemy, which had been practiced for several millennia in various part of the world.
Bruntland Commision [12] defines sustainable development as the "ability to make development sustainable to ensure that it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own needs" the use of this definition has led many to see sustainable development as having a major focus on intergenerational equity. One of the mechanisms for sustainable development is qualitative education which has to do with good academic performance and also good academic performance has a strong link with good feeding pattern.
The education funding Agency (EFA) global monitoring report [13] states that more than quarter of students or children below fifteen years of age in sub-Saharan Africa are underweight due to poor feeding, making them more vulnerable to disease and less able to concentrate in school. Studies on effects of Poor feeding pattern shows an association between Poor feeding pattern and lower cognitive performance and depression [14,15,16,17]. Poor feeding research helps characterized the impact of malnutrition on the quality of life. A study in Lagos and Ibadan shows that Poor feeding pattern is over 70% [18]. Poor feeding pattern not only affects physical growth and health of children but also their mental and intellectual development, school attendance and academic achievement [18]. Therefore, addressing poor feeding requires knowing the groups and communities affected which is the purpose of this study, to determine poor feeding pattern as a factor militating against students' academic achievement in chemistry which is a mechanism to sustainable development. Youth face a number of food related concerns, such as poor nutrition, obesity, and hunger. In 2010, more than onethird of U.S. children and adolescents were overweight or obesity [45], while nearly 20 percent of Minnesota's 9 th and 12 th grade students were obese [46]. In addition to obesity, children also encounter food insecurity, or limited access to food due to an absence of money or resources. Ten percent of U.S. households with children faced food insecurity in 2012 [47]. In Minnesota, 10 percent of households are classified as food insecure, while it is estimated that 1 in 6 Minnesota children are at risk of hunger [48].
Recent studies have demonstrated that nutrition affects students' thinking skills, behavior, and health, all factors that impact academic performance. Research suggests that diets high in trans and saturated fats can negatively impact learning and memory, nutritional deficiencies early in life can affect the cognitive development of school-aged children, and access to nutrition improves students' cognition, concentration, and energy levels [65].
For example, one study found that 5 th grade students with less nutritious diets performed worse on a standardized literary assessment [49]. Another study discovered that 5 th grade students who ate more fast food fared worse on math and reading scores [50]. Similarly, a study that analyzed a healthy eating campaign that banned junk food from schools and introduced healthier, freshly prepared school meals found that participating students scored higher on English and science tests than students who did not take part in the campaign [51].
Nutrition also indirectly impacts school performance. Poor nutrition can leave students' susceptible to illness or lead to headaches and stomachaches, resulting in school absences [52]. Access to nutrition that incorporates protein, carbohydrates, and glucose has been shown to improve students' cognition, concentration, and energy levels [53,54].
In contrast, nutritional deficiencies (particularly zinc, B vitamins, Omega-3 fatty acids, and protein) early in life can affect the cognitive development of school aged children [54]. Studies also suggest that diets high in trans and saturated fats can negatively impact the brain, influencing learning and memory [38]. Research has also established a link between nutrition and behavior. Studies have found that access to nutrition, particularly breakfast, can enhance a student's psychosocial well-being, reduce aggression and school suspensions, and decrease discipline problems [55] The impact of good feeding pattern towards students' personality might include; Better attendance -Several studies, including one in Minnesota, have shown that student attendance improves in schools that implement universal-free school breakfast programs [56,57,58].
Improved behavior -Inner-city students participating in a universal-free school breakfast program had fewer behavior problems six months after the program started [59]. Disciplinary actions also have been shown to decrease in schools that offer a universal-free school breakfast program [58,60]. Children whose parents report they often do not get enough to eat are more likely to have been suspended from school, have seen a psychologist, and have difficulty getting along with other children [61].
Improved concentration -A Minnesota study found that a school breakfast program improved concentration and alertness among children [58]. Similarly, children in schools with universal breakfast programs reported having more energy and better attention than those attending schools without universal breakfast programs [62]. An experimental study with 9 through 11-year-old children showed that those who were not served breakfast had slower memory recall [63].
Better academic performance -Many studies indicate that school breakfast programs improve academic performance. Children who do not get sufficient meals are more likely to repeat a grade [61,64].
Elementary children who participated in a school breakfast program in Massachusetts did better on standardized tests than those who qualified but did not participate [57]. Similarly, students in a universal-free school breakfast program at an innercity school showed improved math grade six months after the start of the program [59].

Statement of the Problem
Poor feeding pattern continues to be a problem of public health importance in Nigeria despite the various intervention in the past two decades [19]. Scientific study has reported that high morbidity and mortality in children is attributed to large proportion of Nigerian families who are poorly fed [19]. Hence, high prevalence of protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) and micro nutrient deficiencies [20]. Diet in populations are frequently efficient in macro-nutrient (protein, carbohydrate and fat leading to protein malnutrition), micro nutrient deficiencies) or both and these have diverse effects on the health, academic achievement and the general growth of children [21,22].
Progress to improve the quality of food intake of children in developing countries like Nigeria has been remarkably slow [21] due to several factors such as rise in food cost [22], spending on other necessities [23] and poverty [24]. The relationship between academic achievement and children nutrition are widely recognized [25,26,27]. Poor feeding practice are therefore a major threat to the social and economic development as they are among the most serious obstacles to attaining and maintaining normal academic achievement among secondary school students [28]. The effect of Poor feeding pattern has being the subject of much research in the context of developing countries on child well-being. However, very little research has attempted to analyze the effects of Poor feeding pattern of child well-being in Nigeria. [15] According to [15]. Poor feeding pattern causes iron deficiency in students, which can harm the development of basic motor and social skills. ''Hunger can affect learning long before a student goes to school. 'Many of the children whose learning capacity is being affected by food insecurity have been invisible, this is because they are young''. ''at the same time the brain is most vulnerable, the brain is most likely to be deprived of nutrition it needs''. Thus, the above mentioned problems are sacrosanct, this study aimed at examining poor feeding pattern as a factor militating against students' academic achievement in chemistry which is a mechanism to sustainable development.

Research Questions
The study is out to find answers to the following research questions: (a) What are the effects of poor feeding pattern on academic achievement of senior secondary school chemistry students? (b) What are the effects of good feeding pattern on academic achievement of senior secondary school chemistry students? (c) What is the impact of food on academic achievement Chemistry; A Mechanism for Sustainable Development of senior secondary school chemistry students (d) Is feeding pattern having influence on Male and Female Senior secondary school chemistry students and their academic achievement in chemistry?

Research Hypotheses
The study sets out hypotheses which are stated in the null form. The formulated hypotheses for the research include the following: HO 1 : Poor feeding pattern has no significant effect on academic achievement of senior secondary chemistry students. HO 2 : good feeding pattern has no significant effect on academic achievement of senior secondary chemistry students. HO 3 : Food has no significant role in enhancing academic achievement of senior secondary chemistry students. HO 4 : Effects of feeding pattern on academic achievement of chemistry students is not gender sensitive.

Methodology
The research design adopted for this study is survey, focusing on feeding pattern as a factor militating against students' achievement in chemistry; a mechanism for sustainable development. [29] Also said that large and small population can be studied using this method, hence the use of this method shall be adopted by the researcher. The population of this research work constitutes some selected secondary schools in Sabon Gari Local Government Area of Kaduna state. The selected schools are a total of six (6) senior secondary school with a total population of one thousand, five hundred and eleven (1,551) students.
A total of 306 respondents from all the six (6) selected senior secondary schools in Sabon Gari Local Government Area shall be in this study. Sample size was chosen in line with [30] sample size table. This is to make sure all students are duly represented in the study. Simple random sampling was used to select the targeted number of respondents from all schools to represents the sample for study. The main instrument for data collection in this study is a researcher designed questionnaire titled Feeding Pattern as a Factor Militating against Students' Achievement in Chemistry Questionnaire (FPMSACQ) and also their examination results for first term 2014/2015 academic session was used in the study. The researcher visited all the sampled schools and administer the questionnaire to the respondents/students. Data analysis is the process of systematically applying statistical and/or logical techniques to describe and illustrate, condense and recap, and evaluate data. Therefore, in this research work, the researcher used the statistical package for Social Science (SPSS, version 20) as a statistical tool for data analysis. The table 1 above shows that out of the 306 sample size, 207 passed chemistry while 99 of the respondents fail chemistry examination. The table shows that 26 students from the sample of GSSA passed Chemistry while 20 failed from the 46 sampled students, also, 48 students from GSSM passed Chemistry while 12 students failed chemistry from the 60 sampled students. Moreover, it is evident that 65 students from GSSD/B passed Chemistry while 30 students failed Chemistry from the 95 sampled students. Also, 31 students from DLS passed Chemistry while 19 failed Chemistry from the 50 sampled students. From MIS, out of 20 sampled students 16 passed Chemistry and failed Chemistry. So also, from GHIS, out of the 35 sampled students, 21 passed Chemistry while 14 failed Chemistry. Thus, the information provided shows that the students from all the selected schools perform well in Chemistry.

Results and Discussion
In order to answer the first research question which sought to establish if feeding pattern affects academic achievement of senior secondary school students in the study area and the null hypothesis which says; feeding pattern has no significant effect on academic achievement of senior secondary chemistry students in Sabon Gari L. G. A of Kaduna state. The collected data was subjected to T-test using Statistical Package for social science version 20 (SPSS), the result were presented in the table below. Thus, from the data obtained from the respondents, it is clear evident that the students are classified as individuals with good feeding pattern since the mean of their poor feeding habit was found to be 13.65. Good nutrition is important to supporting growth and maximizing learning potential. Due to current research, people are becoming increasingly educated on the role nutrition plays on the body's and mind's ability to grow and the performance of our potential learning capacity. Nutritional intake affects energy levels, physical stamina, mood, memory, mental clarity, and emotional and mental well-being. Research is proving good nutrition is pertinent for the brain, so the old adage, "You are what you eat" is proving to be true. Parents and educators need to educate today's youth to make healthier food choices because they are being raised in a culture of fast food [31]. Adequate and sufficient healthy intake of food is essential to brain function [32,33,34,35]. Moreover, maximizing brain function is a prime factor in seizing appropriate cognitive capability -for example, ability to focus, comprehension, evaluation, and application -in learning [36,37]. Thus the data obtained shows that there is no significant link between good academic performance and poor feeding pattern even though according to [38,39] who stated that; Yet, while there may be a consensus that food is essential to learning, there is little empirical research that examines the exact relationship between children's overall diet and academic achievement. Neither are the results conclusive in determining the precise nature and degree of the food-learning relationship. Even though the results shows that good feeding pattern has significant effect on students' performance since P≤0.05, it is good to take care of students meal since they spent most of their time at school. According to [40] who stated that due to the considerable amount of time children spend at school more attention needs to be paid to the food options that are available if we want healthy eating to become a normal lifelong behavior. Schools can't ignore the importance of supporting healthy habits since about 35% of a student's daily calories are consumed at school. More research needs to be done to gather more information to show a correlation between nutrition and cognitive function and academic performance. Good nutrition is important to supporting growth and maximizing learning potential. Due to current research, we are becoming increasingly educated on the role nutrition plays on the body's and mind's ability to grow and the performance of our potential learning capacity. Nutritional intake affects energy levels, physical stamina, mood, memory, mental clarity, and emotional and mental well-being. Research is proving good nutrition is pertinent for the brain, so the old adage, "You are what you eat" is proving to be true. Parents and educators need to educate today's youth to make healthier food choices because they are being raised in a culture of fast food [32]. Thus the table above provides answer to research question two and a solution to the null hypothesis two. In a quest to find answer to research question three and hypothesis three the result in table 4 indicates the responses of the students on the role of food insecurity in relation to academic achievements. The result revealed that 259 respondents which accounts for 84.64% agreed on having food to eat while 47 representing 15.46% disagreed. This simply means that more than half of the respondents have food to eat. Furthermore, the table also showed that 290 which account for 94.77% of the respondents take breakfast before going to school on daily basis. While 16 which account for 5.23% don't take breakfast before proceeding to school. Also the table shows that 233 respondents corresponding to 76.14% opined that they have enough of the kinds of food they want to eat at home while 73 which account for 7.52% said that they don't have enough of what they want to eat at home. Moreover, 236 students which account for 77.12% have in one way or the other cut the size of meals they eat because there is no enough money for food within the past six months. 205 respondents accounting for 66.99% agree that they are once hungry but didn't eat because they can't afford food while 101 respondents accounting for 33.10% oppose the motion. 230 students said that they do eat food immediately when they go back home from school are they accounted for 75.16% of the respondents while 76 respondents accounting for 24.84% said they do not eat food immediately when they arrive home from school. Also, 190 respondents accounting for 62.09% often eat balanced nutritious meal while 116 corresponding to 37.9% opined that they do not often eat nutritious meals. 128 respondents accounting for 41.83% said that they do eat from friends when they are hungry while 178 accounting for 58.17% said they don't eat from friends even when they are hungry. 160 respondents equivalent to 52.29% says that in the past six months they've lost weight owe to unavailability of money for food while 146 equivalents to 47.69% opined that they do not lose weight owe to lack of food in the past six months. Moreover, 263 respondents accounting for 85.95% says that they do eat carbohydrates daily while 43 accounting for 14.05% say that they don't often eat carbohydrates. Statistics from table 1 also showed that 15.69% of the respondents when hungry understands everything they are been taught by their teachers while 84.31% of the respondents disagreed to this claim. According to [15], hunger can lead to deficiency of iron in students which can harm the development of basic motor and social skills. Descriptive statistics in table 1 also showed that 22.8% of the respondents have missed school at one time or the other as a result of hunger, 77.18% of the respondents claimed not to have missed school at any point as a result of hunger. This shows that food plays an important role in the academic achievement of student which agrees with [32] who stated that Good nutrition is important to supporting growth and maximizing learning potential. Due to current research, we are becoming increasingly educated on the role nutrition plays on the body's and mind's ability to grow and the performance of our potential learning capacity. Nutritional intake affects energy levels, physical stamina, mood, memory, mental clarity, and emotional and mental well-being. Research is proving good nutrition is pertinent for the brain, so the old adage, "You are what you eat" is proving to be true. Parents and educators need to educate today's youth to make healthier food choices because they are being raised in a culture of fast food. And also supports the works of [41] who reported that, poor feeding at kindergarten predicted impaired academic performance in mathematics for girls and boys, and greater weight and BMI gains for girls. Food insecurity thus, serves as an important marker for identifying children with delayed trajectories of development. Considering effects of food insecurity and gender, 70.6% of the respondents believe that food insecurity is gender sensitive while 29.4% of the respondents disagree with the aforementioned. Also 70.60% of the respondents believe that food insecurity tend to affects females than males. [42] Reports that food insecurity negatively impacts on school attendance and educational attainment of adolescents in the south west Ethiopia. His findings suggest that food security interventions should consider ways of enhancing school attendance and look into mechanisms for improving the diet of school children directly through school based programs. According to [43] poor feeding can have a serious negative impact on students' success-academic, behavioral and social. [44] Opined that children from households that report insufficiency of food generally do not perform as well on tests of academic achievement as children from food sufficient households. According to [15], hunger can lead to deficiency of iron in students which can harm the development of basic motor and social skills.

Conclusion
The research increasingly supports the important link between nutrition and learning potential. Healthy eating is essential for students to achieve their full academic potential, mental growth, and lifelong health and well-being. When children are not receiving proper nutrition they are unable to reach their full potential. Schools need to educate parents and children on how to live a healthy lifestyle that includes proper nutrition. Improvements in the nutritional quality of students' diets are associated with academically beneficial gains, but have not been repeatedly and causally correlated to increased academic achievement. Concrete links between food consumption either at large or in specific foods and academic performance have not been established, likely because of the complex nature of the variables, the abundant confounders, and the longitudinal design necessary to understand the enduring effects. In general, however, it is clear that consistently eating sufficient quantity and variety of nutrient-dense foods will improve children's diet quality, and consequentially reduce the potential for the cognitive impairments associated with malnutrition.
This study has shown that food availability or good feeding pattern has a vital role to play when it comes' to academic achievement of students. The outcome of this study was found to conform to literatures from several studies of academic performance which were cited and reviewed in this study.

Recommendations
Based on the findings of this study the following recommendations are put forward by the researchers: (1) Government should consider funding education for orphans and those students who belong to impoverished families in order to reduce school drop outs having discovered that a large proportion of students have had to drop out because of hunger to engage in menial jobs. (2) Parents' low level education may be the cause of their unemployment and low incomes, it is recommended that Government and donor organizations should embark on poverty alleviation programmes that will make poverty stricken parent earn a living. (3) Inculcation of school nutritional program aimed at improving malnutrition in schools having discovered that food insecurity plays a vital role in academic achievement. Even though it shows no significance on students within the study area. (4) Non-Governmental Organizations, WHO, UNICEF and UNESCO should lay more emphasis on eradicating food insecurity and malnutrition among children.