Decision Wave Equation and Block Diagram of Electromagnetoelastic Actuator Nano- and Microdisplacement for Communications Systems

S. M. Afonin

Department of Intellectual Technical Systems, National Research University of Electronic Technology (MIET), Moscow, Russia

Email address:

To cite this article:

S. M. Afonin. Decision Wave Equation and Block Diagram of Electromagnetoelastic Actuator Nano- and Microdisplacement for Communications Systems. International Journal of Information and Communication Sciences. Vol. 1, No. 2, 2016, pp. 22-29. doi: 10.11648/j.ijics.20160102.12

Received: August 2, 2016; Accepted: August 12, 2016; Published: September 6, 2016

Abstract: Decision wave equation, structural-parametric model and block diagram of electromagnetoelastic actuators are obtained, its transfer functions are bult. Effects of geometric and physical parameters of electromagnetoelastic actuators and external load on its dynamic characteristics are determined. For calculation of communications systems with piezoactuators the block diagram and the transfer functions of piezoactuators are obtained.

Keywords: Electromagnetoelastic Actuators, Piezoactuator, Block Diagram, Transfer Functions

1. Introduction

The application of precise electromechanical actuators based on electromagnetoelasticity (piezoelectric, piezomagnetic, electrostriction, and magnetostriction effects) is promising in nanotechnology, nanobiology, power engineering, microelectronics, astronomy for large compound telescopes, antennas satellite telescopes and adaptive optics equipment for precision matching, compensation of temperature and gravitation deformations, and atmospheric turbulence via wave front correction. Precise electromechanical actuators for communications systems operate within working loads providing elastic deformations of actuators. Piezoelectric actuator (piezoactuator) - piezomechanical device intended for actuation of mechanisms, systems or management based on the piezoelectric effect, converts electrical signals into mechanical movement or force [1 − 25].

The piezoactuator of nanometric movements operates based on the inverse piezoeffect, in which the motion is achieved due to deformation of the piezoelement when an external electric voltage is applied to it. Piezoactuators for drives of nano- and micrometric movements provide a movement range from several nanometers to tens of microns, a sensitivity of up to 10 nm/V, a loading capacity of up to 1000 N, the power at the output shaft of up to 100 W, and a ransmission band of up to 1000 Hz. The investigation of static and dynamic characteristics of a piezoactuator of nano- and micrometric movements as the control object is necessary for calculation the piezodrive for control systems of nano- and micrometric movements. At the nano- and microlevels, piezoactuators are used in linear nano- and microdrives and micropumps. Piezoactuators provide high stress and speed of operation and return to the initial state when switched off; they have very low displacements - less than 1%. Piezoactuators are used in the majority of nanomanipulators for scanning tunneling microscopes (STMs), scanning force microscopes (SFMs), and atomic force microscopes (AFMs). Nanorobotic manipulators with nano- and microdisplacements with piezoactuators based are a key component in nano- and microdisplacement nanorobotic systems. The main requirement for nanomanipulators is to guarantee the positioning accurate to nanometers, control systems are intended not only for nanomanipulations but also for nanoassembly, nanomeasurements, and nanomanufacturing [1 − 6].

By solving the wave equation with allowance for the corresponding equations of the piezoeffect, the boundary conditions on loaded working surfaces of a piezoactuator, and the strains along the coordinate axes, it is possible to construct a structural parametric model of the piezoactuator. The transfer functions and the parametric structure scheme of the piezoactuator are obtained from a set of equations describing the corresponding structural parametric model of the piezoelectric actuator for communications systems.

2. Decision Wave Equation and Structural-Parametric Model of Electromagnetoelastic Ectuator

Deformation of the piezoactuator corresponds to its stressed state. If the mechanical stress is created in the piezoelectric element, the deformation  is formed in it. There are six stress components , , , , , , the components  -  are related to extension-compression stresses,  -  to shear stresses.

The matrix state equations [7] connecting the electric and elastic variables for polarized ceramics have the form

(1)

(2)

Here, the first equation describes the direct piezoelectric effect, and the second - the inverse piezoelectric effect;  is the column matrix of relative deformations;  is the column matrix of mechanical stresses;  is the column matrix of electric field strength along the coordinate axes;  is the column matrix of electric induction along the coordinate axes;  is the elastic compliance matrix for ;  is the matrix of dielectric constants for ;  is the transposed matrix of the piezoelectric modules.

Polarized ceramics PZT represents the piezoelectric texture, there are five independent components , , , ,  in the elastic compliance matrix for polarized piezoelectric ceramics

.

In this case, we can write the transposed matrix of the piezoelectric modules  as

.

The matrix of dielectric constants  has the form

.

The direction of the polarization axis Р, i.e., the direction along which polarization was performed, is usually taken as the direction of axis 3.

The equation of electromagnetoelasticity of the actuator [7] has the form

(3)

where  is the relative deformation along the axis i, E is the electric field strength, H is the magnetic field strength,  is the temperature,  is the elastic compliance for , , ,  is the mechanical stress along the axis j,  is the piezomodule, i.e., the partial derivative of the relative deformation with respect to the electric field strength for constant magnetic field strength and temperature, i.e., for , ,  is the electric field strength along the axis m,  is the magnetostriction coefficient,  is the magnetic field strength along the axis m,  is the coefficient of thermal expansion,  is deviation of the temperature  from the value , i = 1, 2, … , 6, j = 1, 2, … , 6, m = 1, 2, 3.

When the electric and magnetic fields act on the electromagnetoelastic actuator separately, we have the respective electromagnetoelasticity equations [7] as the equation of inverse piezoelectric effect:

 for the longitudinal deformation when the electric field along axis 3 causes deformation along axis 3,

 for the transverse deformation when the electric field along axis 3 causes deformation along axis 1,

 for the shift deformation when the electric field along axis 1 causes deformation in the plane perpendicular to this axis, as the equation of magnetostriction:

 for the longitudinal deformation when the magnetic field along axis 3 causes deformation along axis 3,

 for the transverse deformation when the magnetic field along axis 3 causes deformation along axis 1,

 for the shift deformation when the magnetic field along axis 1 causes deformation in the plane perpendicular to this axis.

To illustrate this, we consider piezoelasticity problems. Let us consider the longitudinal piezoelectric effect in a piezoelectric actuator shown in Fig. 1, which represents a piezoelectric plate of thickness  with the electrodes deposited on its faces perpendicular to axis 3, the area of which is equal to .

The equation of the inverse piezoelectric effect [6,7] for the longitudinal strain in a voltage-controlled piezoactuator has the following form:

(4)

Here,  is the relative displacement of the cross section of the piezoactuator,  is the piezoelectric modulus for the longitudinal piezoelectric effect,  is the electric field strength,  is the voltage between the electrodes of actuator,  is the thickness,  is the elastic compliance along axis 3, and  is the mechanical stress along axis 3.

The equation of equilibrium for the forces acting on the piezoactuator (piezoelectric plate) can be written as

where F is the external force applied to the piezoactuator,  is the cross section area and M is the displaced mass.

Fig. 1. Piezoactuator.

For constructing a structural parametric model of the voltage-controlled piezoactuator, let us solve simultaneously the wave equation, the equation of the inverse longitudinal piezoelectric effect, and the equation of forces acting on the faces of the piezoactuator.

Calculations of the piezoactuators are performed using a wave equation [5−7] describing the wave propagation in a long line with damping but without distortions, which can be written as

(5)

where  is the displacement of the section of the piezoelectric plate, x is the coordinate, t is time,  is the sound speed for ,  is the damping coefficient that takes into account the attenuation of oscillations caused by the energy dissipation due to thermal losses during the wave propagation.

Using the Laplace transform, we can reduce the original problem for the partial differential hyperbolic equation of type (5) to a simpler problem for the linear ordinary differential equation [8,9] with the parameter of the Laplace operator p.

Applying the Laplace transform to the wave equation (5)

(6)

and setting the zero initial conditions,

(7)

As a result, we obtain the linear ordinary second-order differential equation with the parameter p written as

(8)

with its solution being the function

(9)

where  is the Laplace transform of the displacement of the section of the piezoelectric actuator,  is the propagation coefficient.

C and B are constant coefficients. Determining these coefficients from the boundary conditions as

 for

 for

Then, the constant coefficients

,   .

Then, the solution (9) of the linear ordinary second-order differential equation can be written as

(10)

The equations for the forces operating on the faces of the piezoelectric actuator plate are as follows:

       for   ,     (11)

    for   ,

where  and  are determined from the equation of the inverse piezoelectric effect.

For  and , we obtain the following set of equations for determining stresses in the piezoactuator:

(12)

.

Equations (11) yield the following set of equations for the structural parametric model of the piezoactuator:

(13)

,

where , m is the mass of the piezoactuator.

Figure 2 shows the parametric block diagram of a voltage-controlled piezoactuator corresponding to the set of equations (13) supplemented with an external circuit equation , where  is the supply voltage, R is the resistance of the external circuit, and  is the static capacitance of the piezoactuator.

The equation of the inverse piezoelectric effect [6,7] for the transverse strain in the voltage-controlled piezoactuator

(14)

where  is the relative displacement of the cross section of the piezoactuator along axis 1,  is the piezoelectric modulus for the transverse piezoelectric effect,  is the elastic compliance along axis 1, and  is the stress along axis 1.

The wave equation of the piezoactuator can be written as equation (5). Then, the solution of the linear ordinary differential equation (8) can be written as (9), where the constants C and B for this solution are determined from the boundary conditions as

 for ,

 for ,

  

Then, the solution (9) can be written as

(15)

The equations of forces acting on the faces of the piezoelectric actuator are as follows:

     for   x = 0,     (16)

 for   x = h,

where  and  are determined from the equation of the inverse piezoelectric effect. Thus, we obtain the following set of equations for mechanical stresses in the piezoactuator at  and

(17)

The set of equations (16) for mechanical stresses in piezoactuator yields the following set of equations describing the structural parametric model of piezoactuator for the transverse piezoelectric effect

(18)

,

where . Taking into account generalized electromagnetoelasticity equation (3), we obtain the following system of equations describing the generalized structural-parametric model of the electromagnetoelastic actuator for the communications systems:

(19)

,

where , , , , , , ,

then parameters  of the control for the electromagnetoelastic actuator: E for voltage control, D for current control, H for magnetic field strength control. Figure 3 shows the generalized parametric block diagram of the electromagnetoelastic actuator corresponding to the set of equations (19).

Generalized structural-parametric model (19) of the electromagnetoelastic actuator after algebraic transformations provides the transfer functions of the electromagnetoelastic actuator for communications systems in the form of the ratio of the Laplace transform of the displacement of the transducer face and the Laplace transform of the corresponding force at zero initial conditions. The joint solution of equations (19) for the Laplace transforms of displacements of two faces of the electromagnetoelastic actuator yields

(20)

,

where the generalized transfer functions of the electromagnetoelastic actuator are

,

,

,

,

,

.

Therefore, we obtain from equations (20) the generalized matrix equaion for the electromagnetoelastic actuator in the matrix form for communications systems

(21)

Let us find the displacement of the faces the electromagnetoelastic actuator in a stationary regime for ,  and inertial load. The static displacement of the faces the electromagnetoelastic actuator  and  can be written in the following form:

(22)

(23)

(24)

where  is the mass of the electromagnetoelastic actuator,  are the load masses.

Let us consider a numerical example of the calculation of static characteristics of the piezoactuator from piezoceramics PZT under the longitudinal piezoelectric effect at  and . For m/V, V, kg and kg we obtain the static displacement of the faces of the piezoactuator nm, nm, nm.

The static displacement the faces of the piezoactuator for the transverse piezoelectric effect and inertial load at ,  and  can be written in the following form:

(25)

(26)

(27)

The static displacement of the faces of the piezoactuator for the transverse piezoelectric effect and inertial load at  and

(28)

(29)

Let us consider a numerical example of the calculation of static characteristics of the piezoactuator from piezoceramics PZT under the transverse piezoelectric effect at  and . For m/V, m, m, V, kg and kg we obtain the static displacement of the faces of the piezoelectric actuator nm, nm, μm.

Let us consider the description of the piezoactuator for the longitudinal piezoelectric effect for one rigidly fixed face of the transducer at , therefore, we obtain from equation (21) the transfer functions of the piezoactuator for the longitudinal piezoelectric effect in the following form:

(30)

If  and , equation (30) yields an expression for the transfer function of unloaded piezoactuator under the longitudinal piezoelectric effect

(31)

Now, using equation (31), we write the expression for the transfer function of unloaded piezoactuator under the transverse piezoelectric effect at  and

(32)

We write the resonance condition .

This means that the piezoactuator is a quarter-wave vibrator with the resonance frequency   

The transfer function of an unloaded piezoactuator under the transversal piezoeffect with voltage control, when  and , has the form

(33)

Accordingly, its frequency transfer function is described by the relation

(34)

From equation (34) using the expression , where j is the imaginary unit, and the relations , where  when , we calculate the peak movement amplitude the piezoactuator end at the resonance frequency under the voltage amplitude  in the form , where  is the amplitude of the movement in the piezoactuator in the static mode and  is the coefficient of the piezoactuator normalized relative to the movement in the static state at the resonance frequency under a single voltage amplitude in the dynamical and static modes.

The calculations conducted for a piezoelectric actuator of industrial piezoceramics  PZT  under the  transversal  piezoeffect and voltage control, where  = 2.5×10^-10 m/V, h = 4×10^{-2 m,} d = 2×10^{-3 m,  = 20 V,  = 30,  = 3}×10³ m/s, yielded at the resonance frequency  = 18.75 kHz a maximum movement amplitude of = 3 μm,  under a value in the static mode  = 100 nm.  The experimental and calculated values for the piezoactuator are in agreement up to an accuracy of 5%.

Let us consider the static responses of the piezoactuator under the longitudinal piezoeffects. Let us determine the value of the The static displacement of the face of the piezoactuator  in the static regime for  and  or  and .

Accordingly, the static displacement  of the piezoactuator under the longitudinal piezoeffect in the form

(35)

(36)

Let us consider a numerical example of the calculation of static characteristics of the piezoactuator under the longitudinal piezoeffects. For m/V, V, we obtain nm. For m, m²/N, N, m², we obtain nm. The experimental and calculated values for the piezoactuator are in agreement to an accuracy of 5%.

Let us consider the operation at low frequencies for the piezoactuator with one face rigidly fixed so that  and . Representing  and  as

(37)

(38)

Using the approximation of the hyperbolic cotangent by two terms of the power series in transfer functions (37) and (38), at  we obtain the following expressions the transfer functions in the frequency range of

(39)

(40)

,   , .

where  is the time constant and  is the damping coefficient,  - is the is rigidity of the piezoactuator under the longitudinal piezoeffect.

3. Results and Discussions

Taking into account equation of generalized electromagnetoelasticity (piezoelectric, piezomagnetic, electrostriction, and magnetostriction effects) and decision wave equation we obtain a generalized block diagram of electromagnetoelastic actuator Figure 3 for the communications systems. The results of constructing a generalized structural-parametric model and a generalized block diagram of electromagnetoelastic actuator [2-6] for the longitudinal, transverse and shift deformations are shown in Figure 3. Block diagram piezoactuator for longitudinal piezoeffect Figure 2 converts to generalized parametric block diagram of the electromagnetoelastic actuator  Figure 3 with the replacement of the parameters

, , , .

Generalized structural-parametric model and generalized parametric block diagram of the electromagnetoelastic actuator after algebraic transformations provides the transfer functions of the electromagnetoelastic actuator for communications systems [9-25]. The piezoactuator with the transverse piezoelectric effect compared to the piezoactuator for the longitudinal piezoelectric effect provides a greater range of static displacement and less working force. The magnetostriction actuators provides a greater range of static working forces [12-14].

Using the solutions of the wave equation of the electromagnetoelastic actuator and taking into account the features of the deformations along the coordinate axes, it is possible to construct the generalized structural-parametric model, generalized parametric block diagram and the transfer functions of the electromagnetoelastic actuator for communications systems.

Fig. 2. Parametric block diagram of the voltage-controlled piezoactuator for longitudinal piezoelectric effect.

Fig. 3. Generalized parametric block diagram of the electromagnetoelastic actuator.

4. Conclusions

Thus, using the obtained solutions of the wave equation and taking into account the features of the deformations along the coordinate axes, it is possible to construct the generalized structural-parametric model and parametric block diagram of the electromagnetoelastic actuator and to describe its dynamic and static properties with allowance for the physical properties, the external load during its operation as a part of the communications systems.

The transfer functions and the parametric block diagrams of the piezoactuators for the transverse and longitudinal piezoelectric effects are obtained from structural parametric models of the piezoactuators for communications systems.

References

1. S. Zhou, Z Yao, "Design and optimization of a modal-independent linear ultrasonic motor," IEEE transaction on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control 61, 3, 535-546 (2014).
2. S. M. Afonin, "Block diagrams of a multilayer piezoelectric motor for nano- and microdisplacements based on the transverse piezoeffect," Journal of computer and systems sciences international 54, 3, 424-439 (2015).
3. S. M. Afonin, "Absolute stability conditions for a system controlling the deformation of an elecromagnetoelastic transduser," Doklady mathematics 74, 3, 943-948 (2006).
4. S. M. Afonin, "Stability of strain control systems of nano-and microdisplacement piezotransducers," Mechanics of solids 49, 2, 196-207 (2014).
5. S. M. Afonin, "Structural parametric model of a piezoelectric model of a piezoelectric nanodisplacement transduser," Doklady physics 53, 3, 137-143 (2008).
6. S. M. Afonin, "Solution of the wave equation for the control of an elecromagnetoelastic transduser," Doklady mathematics 73, 2, 307-313 (2006).
7. Physical Acoustics: Principles and Methods. Vol.1. Part A. Methods and Devices. Ed.: W. Mason. New York: Academic Press. 1964. 515 p.
8. D. Zwillinger, Handbook of Differential Equations. Boston: Academic Press. 1989. 673 p.
9. S. M. Afonin, "Structural-parametric model and transfer functions of electroelastic actuator for nano- and microdisplacement," in Piezoelectrics and Nanomaterials: Fundamentals, Developments and Applications. Ed. I.A. Parinov. New York: Nova Science. 2015. pp. 225-242.
10. S. M. Afonin, "Generalized parametric structural model of a compound elecromagnetoelastic transduser," Doklady physics 50, 2, 77-82 (2005).
11. S.M. Afonin, "Generalized hysteresis characteristic of a piezoelectric transducer and its harmonic linearization," Mechanics of solids 39, 6, 14-19, (2004).
12. S. M. Afonin, "Generalized structural parametric model of an elecromagnetoelastic transduser for control system of nano- and microdisplacement: I. Solution of the wave equation for control problem of an elecromagnetoelastic transduser," Journal of computer and systems sciences international 44, 3, 399-405 (2005).
13. S. M. Afonin, "Generalized structural parametric model of an elecromagnetoelastic transduser for control system of nano- and microdisplacements: II. On the generalized structural parametric model of a compound elecromagnetoelastic transduser," Journal of computer and systems sciences international 44, 4, 606-612 (2005).
14. S. M. Afonin, "Generalized structural-parametric model of an elecromagnetoelastic converter for nano- and micrometric movement control systems: III. Transformation parametric structural circuits of an elecromagnetoelastic converter for nano- and micromovement control systems," Journal of computer and systems sciences international 45, 2, 317-325 (2006).
15. S. M. Afonin, "Parametric structural diagram of a piezoelectric converter," Mechanics of solids 37, 6, 85-91 (2002).
16. S. M. Afonin, "Deformation, fracture, and mechanical characteristics of a compound piezoelectric  transducer," Mechanics  of  solids 38, 6, 78-82 (2003).
17. S. M. Afonin, "Parametric block diagram and transfer functions of a composite piezoelectric transducer," Mechanics of solids 39, 4, 119-127 (2004).
18. S. M. Afonin, "Elastic compliances and mechanical and adjusting characteristics of composite piezoelectric transducers," Mechanics of solids 42, 1, 43-49 (2007).
19. S. M. Afonin, "Static and dynamic characteristics of a multy-layer electroelastic solid," Mechanics of solids 44, 6, 935-950 (2009).
20. S. M. Afonin, "Design static and dynamic characteristics of a piezoelectric nanomicrotransducers," Mechanics of solids 45, 1, 123-132 (2010).
21. S. M. Afonin, "Structural-parametric model of nanometer-resolution piezomotor," Russian engineering research 21, 5, 42-50 (2001).
22. S. M. Afonin, "Parametric structure of composite nanometric piezomotor," Russian engineering research 22, 12, 9-24 (2002).
23. S. M. Afonin, "Electromechanical deformation and transformation of the energy of a nano-scale piezomotor," Russian engineering research 31, 7, 638-642 (2011) .
24. S. M. Afonin,. "Electroelasticity problems for multilayer nano- and micromotors," Russian engineering research 31, 9, 842-847 (2011).
25. S. M. Afonin, "Nano- and micro-scale piezomotors," Russian engineering research 32, 7-8, 519-522 (2012).