A Comparative Study on Urban Governance in a Global City Phenomena Using Paradigm Analysis and Urban Development Principles

: The Global City is a new paradigm in the development of cities in the globalization era. World cities are world cities that lead to the circulation of capital and information


Introduction
Mumbai is one of the cities located on the west coast of India.This huge city has become an economic powerhouse in India itself.The population in this city of Mumbai is very booming with a population density of three million people in 1951, skyrocketing to twenty million people in 2021 and continues to increase from year to year.
Hundreds of high-rise buildings were built and most of them were built luxury apartments which were intended for the rich.However, space for this new building meant tearing down hundreds of acres of Mumbai slums.Mumbai is a city which is hungry for success and struggling for survival.For many people, life in Mumbai is the realization of the Indian city dream.
Mumbai is India's financial and economic center, more than 20 million people live here.Traffic jams that sometimes break down for kilometers make life in this city stop.Thousands of people commute by train daily with the city's rail system with only four lines operating.At rush hour, the station gets very crowded.Sometimes, with so many people traveling every day and being dominated by men, the train platforms look crowded and even exceed the capacity they should be filled with.Despite the crowds, they enjoy traveling on the train despite the crowded atmosphere.
Dharavi is a slum in the heart of Mumbai with over one million people living and living here and is considered the largest slum in Southeast Asia.Electricity is weak and water is only available for two hours a day and there is no sewage system which makes the city look slum.Poverty is everywhere, but local Dharavi residents have adapted by developing their own infrastructure.The local people of Dharavi have their own jobs which allow them to live side by side with the existing slums.Paradigm Analysis and Urban Development Principles Who would have thought that Dharavi is one of the best places for an entrepreneur despite the low educational level of the population, poor housing standards and densely populated area.There are at least 4,902 production units here, ranging from textiles, ceramics, restaurants to recycling, which can generate an annual revenue of around $1 billion.[14].
In addition, Dharavi is also often visited by tourists for sightseeing.Several tours and excursions provide guides directly from local residents to get around the area which was built in 1882.
The countless construction projects in Mumbai are astounding.Contractors build many high-rise buildings with more than 50 floors because there is no more space in Mumbai and it is surrounded by three springs which of course from year to year the number of people in the city are increasing.
In order to create more and more space, the entrepreneurs took a radical approach in tearing down hundreds of hectares of slums.The aim is to make the slums of Dharavi go away, because Dharavi is the heart of Mumbai that has to look good.In Dharavi, many apartments and shopping centers will be redeveloped to create the heart of Mumbai that is protected from the existing slums.
Mumbai has now become the home of India's skyscrapers.At least in the city of Mumbai there are more than 15 skyscrapers of irregular construction.Most of the skyscrapers in India are built for living or residential purposes.Even Mumbai's richest people live in skyscrapers.One of the famous skyscrapers in Mumbai is named Antilia and consists of 27 floors.Estimated population density is 20,482 square meters, 4.5 square meters living space per person.There are nine million slum dwellers in India and almost 62 percent of them live in remote and slum areas.
Most of India's skyscrapers are built by international companies, mostly Danish.Consequently, Indian architecture is heavily influenced by European styles.
The explosive growth in the number of skyscrapers has created several new problems.Such as the lack of sidewalks for pedestrians.Apart from that, skyscrapers pollute the environment due to the high usage of air conditioners, which in turn increases electricity consumption.Mumbai has now become the home of skyscrapers in India.At least in the city of Mumbai there are more than 15 skyscrapers of irregular construction.Most of the skyscrapers in India are built for living or residential purposes.Even Mumbai's richest people live in skyscrapers.One of the famous skyscrapers in Mumbai is named Antilia and consists of 27 floors.
Estimated population density is 20,482 square meters, 4.5 square meters living space per person.India's slum dwellers number nine million, and nearly 62 percent of them live in remote and slum areas.
Most of India's skyscrapers are built by international companies, mostly Danish.Consequently, Indian architecture is heavily influenced by European styles.The explosive growth in the number of skyscrapers has created several new problems.Such as the lack of sidewalks for pedestrians.In addition, skyscrapers damage the environment because of the high use of air conditioners, which in turn increases electricity consumption.[15].
In this article, we will discuss and compare how development in Mumbai, India is with other sustainable developments.Certainly, there will be several solutions related to the problem of sustainable development in India and with this sustainable development, India can lead to a better economy and development.

Definition of City Governance
Urban governance that starts from the development planning process to implementation can improve resource efficiency for policy implementation, accelerate the ongoing impact of policies, expand policy innovation, and increase the effectiveness of policy impacts.[10] Good government support also contributes to increasing the city's opportunities sustainably.The success of sustainable urban governance programs such as green transportation depends on government governance starting from formulation, implementation of policies, agreements and collaboration.[2].
Urban areas are inseparable from urban development phenomena.Indonesia's population growth has increased rapidly, particularly in urban areas, due to migration and birth rates.Rapid population growth in urban areas affects the development of cities because this population growth raises various complex problems in urban areas.

Definition of City Governance According to Law
According to Law Number 26 of 2007 concerning Regional Planning, an urban area is defined as an area of main non-agricultural activities whose role is to inhabit the metropolitan area, to concentrate and distribute government services, social services and commercial activities.[5].
Urban planning is the activity of organizing and managing cities to achieve a better urban system through the application of the principles of urban sustainability so that cities are alive and sustainable, meaning that they meet current needs without endangering the needs of future generations.

Understanding City Governance According to
Hadimoeljono According to Hadimoeljono, urban governance is a process that is formed based on the results of the interaction of development actors in the city and discusses how development actors make decisions regarding the way they plan, finance, and manage urban-related matters.

Understanding City Governance According to
Wijayanti Wijayanti explained that urban governance is everything related to actions or behaviors that are directing, controlling or influencing public affairs to realize these values in everyday life.

Global Cities
Cities that actually function in the national economy as collectors and redistribution of economic cycles, now have to face other cities around the world to compete with each other to achieve a massive economy for the economic development of their cities.The implication that arises then is that cities no longer have to be oriented to the local or national world, but also to be oriented to the global.
Leitmann explains several characteristics of sustainable cities as follows: (1) cities with a relatively small per capita ecological footprint; (2) cities that increase per capita welfare; (3) cities that reduce health risks; (4) minimize pollution; and (5) optimizing the use of renewable resources.[12] Reeves also describes several other characteristics of a sustainable city, namely a fair city, a beautiful city, a creative city, an ecological city, a city that facilitates mobility with a compact city form.[13].

Definition of a Global City
Global City or Global City is a new paradigm in the development of cities in the arena of globalization.The difference between world cities or world cities is that world cities lead to the circulation of capital and information, and are only focused on cities in the northern region of the world, so that the nature of urban development is more focused on macroeconomic expansion which is space to encourage everyone to make transactions on the open market.[3].
This global city offers a space for economic reflection, that the economy itself does not occur only in one region but covers the world region, where there is no subordinate relationship between first world cities and third world cities because it offers interdependence.development of the city, as already mentioned.proposed in the concept of the global city.This global urban transformation, which Mumbai is experiencing through the abolition of geographical boundaries, makes the global economic environment itself very complex, with all the national areas themselves participating in the global arena.This encourages specialization in the world's global cities, coordinated with each other and arranged in one arena.[8].

Specialization in Developing Countries Economies
The economic specializations that develop among these fields are divided into two, namely the formal economy and the informal economy.In the field of the formal economy, it is currently marked by the growth of the middle class economy based on a quality workforce and rapid infrastructure expansion.In this way the town grew into a cosmopolitan district.At least that's the picture of the phenomenon of twin cities and sister cities which has become commonplace in diplomacy between major world cities lately.The specialization manifested in twin cities and twin cities is actually an attempt to identify the similarity of the same sources of economic income in terms of the socio-economic and socio-cultural characteristics of each city.Apart from that, specialization is also a new form of international division of labor, namely the existence of foreign transfers/investments and industrial expansion from industrial agglomerations of developed countries to industrial cities of developing countries.

The 2012 Global City Competitiveness Index Report from the Economist Intelligence Unit
According to the 2012 Global City Competitiveness Index report from the Economist Intelligence Unit, Indonesia has three major cities that are considered global cities, with indicators such as their ability to attract foreign capital, businesses, and tourists.These top cities include Jakarta at 81, Surabaya at 110, and Bandung at 114.Jakarta was chosen as a competitive global city due to its strong trade and economic power with the megacity of Jabodetabek.Surabaya is also economically competitive because it is a mega city of Gerbangkertasusila (Gresik, Bangkalan, Mojokerto, Surabaya, Sidoarjo dan Lamongan), while Bandung was chosen as the driving force for the city's economy because of its tourism and creative economy strengths.In order to become a global city, it has to go through several phases following the stagist model.Usually, this staggered pattern follows a prismatic or pyramidal pattern, with the site of the global city itself at the top.

Change of Mumbai to Global City
Mumbai's growth into a Mega City is due to the booming population density which makes the area more densely packed and looks slum by tourists.Where, Mumbai itself as the heart of India's economy, must improve to make it look clean and tidy.The traffic jams that occur can make city life stop.One of the cities in India which is considered as the largest slum area in Southeast Asia because of the weak electricity and limited water network.
The contractor thought a lot about how to turn Mumbai, especially Dharavi, into a clean and respectable city for tourists, namely by building lots of high-rises.In order to increase the space, the entrepreneur took a radical approach, demolishing hundreds of hectares of slums.The goal is to rid Dharavi of the slums because Dharavi is the heart of Mumbai that has to look good.In Dharavi, many apartments and shopping centers are being renovated in the heart of Mumbai, sheltered by the existing slums.

Indonesia as Global City
In accordance with the characteristics of the city, sustainable urban development can be interpreted as a continuous effort to improve the quality of life of city dwellers by increasing productivity in the secondary and tertiary sectors and providing adequate urban facilities and infrastructure.[4].

Development Emphasis on Quality of Life
Cities in Indonesia continue to grow in line with the demographic dividend.In order to meet a decent standard of Paradigm Analysis and Urban Development Principles living in urban areas, urban development should be guided by careful and measurable planning.
The application of this humanizing principle can make people who are around the environment comfortable about their environment, where by applying this principle, it can create an atmosphere of a neat, orderly, safe and peaceful city.City development policies must cover the determination of urban development goals, city functions, basic strategies for developing sectors and fields of development, population, intensification and extensification of urban space utilization and the development of facilities and utilities.[6].
Elimination of harmful effects is ultimately aimed at maintaining the general welfare, therefore high expectations for success must be linked to human-centered developmentoriented development policies.[9] With the increasingly rapid movement of community and governmental activities accompanied by increasing community economic capacity, it has been proven and can be predicted that conflicts of various interests in the use of space are increasingly frequent, sharp and complex.Various activities related to land use cover various industries such as industry, forestry, mining, irrigation, agriculture, infrastructure procurement, housing and settlements, trade and tourism, all of which exert strong influences and pressures on space.

Expansion of City Infrastructure
The objective of the concept of regional development is to minimize differences in growth and prosperity between regions.Therefore, the notion of area is important in this discussion.Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia No. 47 of 1997 Territory is a space that is a geographical unit and all related elements whose boundaries and systems are determined based on certain administrative and/or operational aspects.Therefore, regional development is an effort to empower the people closest to the area (stakeholders) to utilize resources with technology to provide added value to the administrative/operational area's property to improve the quality of life of the people in the area.Therefore regional development has long-term objectives for economic growth and social welfare improvement.To achieve this depends on the ability of human resources to take advantage of the environment and their capabilities, as well as the ability to use existing supporting devices (instruments).With this goal in mind, certain scenarios are planned in such a way that the identified deficits can be maintained with the help of resources.If this concept is applied in Indonesia, there will still be problems due to the lack of technology to cope with abundant resources.So far, studies on the development of Indonesia's territory have always been sectoral and regional.In examining the sectoral aspect, more attention is paid to the extent to which the actions of the community in that area are in managing their natural resources.Meanwhile, the study of the regional/spatial aspects shows the direction of sectoral activities, or where and where sectoral activity should be located.From this point of view, the Geographic Information System (GIS) has a strategic role, because GIS is able to represent the spatial aspects of the phenomena/facts being studied.The Geographic Information System produces spatial and non-spatial data aspects.Geographical data that has been computerized plays an important role in discovering changes in how to use and know information about the earth.[11].
The regional development paradigm has changed into an effort based on three (three) pillars, namely natural resources, human resources and technology.The three pillars are internal elements of the region that are connected and work together to form a comprehensive system.The results of the interaction of these elements reflect regional efficiency which varies between regions, and encourages the emergence of regional specialization.So there is competition between regions to become the center of regional networks (area networks) of other regions nationally.

Sustainable Urban Development
Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present while taking the needs of future generations into account.The main principle of sustainable development is maintaining the quality of life for all human beings in the present and in the future in a sustainable manner.[7].
Sustainable development is implemented in accordance with the principles of economic prosperity, social justice and environmental protection.The approach to sustainable development is a holistic approach.Sustainable development is very concerned about the impact of every social and economic action on the environment.Harmful environmental impacts of all social and economic activities must be avoided to preserve the environment now and in the future.
Sustainable development is not only related to economic development, other types of development are also taken into account.However, economic development is used as a first step toward sustainability.Once the economic development is successful, it is assumed that other industrial development will be successful.Sustainable development encompasses three policy areas: economic development, social development and environmental protection.
In Indonesia, there are many examples of implementing the concept of sustainable development that can be found in everyday life [1], such as: 1) A government that conceptualizes that domestic natural resources must belong to themselves and their management is maximized for the needs of foreign workers.
2) The application of accelerated development in villages with funding of nearly 1 billion rupiah indicates that village development must be carried out and prioritizes the physical acceleration side.3) Concerning the role of sustainable development in big cities is in terms of infrastructure, especially toll road development.In general, the roads that are built incorporate the importance of the city in overcoming the congestion problems that arise, therefore this part of the infrastructure is a form of sustainable development.
4) Ecotourism is a sub component of the field of sustainable tourism.The perception of ecotourism's potential as an effective tool for sustainable development is a key reason why developing countries are now embracing it and incorporating it into their economic development and conservation strategies.5) Ecotourism as alternative tourism means the study of natural destinations or participation in ecological activities, namely tourism based on natural experiences and enabling the economic and social development of local people.Ecotourism focuses primarily on experiencing and learning about nature, landscapes, flora, fauna and their habitats, as well as cultural artifacts from the area.

Conclusion
From this series of explanations, it can be stated that in reality the movement of society always follows a period where every environmental problem seeks the best solution to overcome it.And the economic, social and cultural aspects mentioned above.Therefore, it is important to know that each of these processes must meet all four conditions.Sustainability requirements include, but are not limited to, the placement of development activities and projects in ecologically correct locations and zoning.
1) Placing development activities and projects in areas and zoning that are ecologically correct.2) Utilization of renewable resources that should not exceed the given capacities.3) Disposal of a variety of industrial and household waste that can damage environmental pollution.4) Changes to the environment that occur internally must not exceed the resistance of the set environment.