United Probabilistic Nature and Model of Chemical and Mechanical Reactions of Consecutive Destruction of Substance

Into development of mathematical methods of forecasting of grinding process materials based on different aspects of the application of systems theory, the authors propose to be likened to and summarize chemical and mechanical processes of sequential destruction of matter on the basis of a single probability of their nature. Expression for the rate of direct reaction of substances is opened taking into account sense of product of the mole fractions of reacting molecules as probabilities of their simultaneous presence at any point of reactionary space (a concentration factor Pconc), a steric factor of Pst – as probabilities of successful mutual orientation of molecules, an activation factor of Pa – as probabilities of overcoming of a power barrier of activation under the influence of the frequency of impacts of Z: V=Z·Pconc· Pst · Pа. Probabilistic representation of the rate of chemical reactions more directly reflects randomized the state of the reacting system and can be generalized to any of its variants, in particular, mechanical. This allowed us to consider the process of grinding material from new point of view, and moreover to liken of its kinetics successive irreversible reactions to give the general expression for the output of the intermediates (fractions) at any time for any number of destruction stages. On this basis calculated the entropy of mixing of fractions and the dynamics of change corresponding to the log-normal distribution of fractions which known by data of practices.


Introduction
There are many papers for various approaches to mathematical description of the processes of crushing, and made the comparative analysis of these approaches [1][2][3][4][5][6][7].They refer to the different aspects of the theory of systems, which adequate complexity of the consideration process, however, requires the identification of a plurality of parameters for obtained the mathematical models on the basis of specific experiments.One of the latest developments in this area is devoted to the prediction of fractional composition of the crushing material on the basis of the principle of maximum entropy [8] however, this principle can't be applied to dynamic systems, only to equilibrium.
In this regard, the authors propose a new approach based on the similarity and generalization of the kinetics of chemical and mechanical processes in their understanding of probability and at the same time in strict subordination to of successive transformations of matter to regularities loss and accumulation of each fraction.For this purpose it is necessary to strengthen the probabilistic interpretation of chemical reactions, filling each of its kinetic factors by probabilistic content.
The direct chemical reaction rate aA+bB→cC+dD (1) in traditional notation is expressed as: where k -rate constant; С А -concentration of the substance А; С В -concentration of the substance В; a, b, c, dstoichiometric coefficients.We show that in this record essentially veiled probabilistic nature and form of the interaction between matter A and B.

Probabilistic Interpretation of the Velocity of Chemical Reaction
As is known, the probability is expressed in fractions of a unit and are dimensionless.Therefore concentration should be represented not in habitual dimensions of g/l, and in molar shares, n A and n B .
Probabilistic meaning mole fraction is that it is essentially the likely presence of a given substance at any point of the volume occupied by the molecules of the reaction mixture.In this case, the rate (2) is expressed as: While the mole fractions of n A и n B when raised to a degree, respectively а and в will keep share expression, but the numerical values of n A and n B decrease in n A / = and n B / = time, as always when raising number, the smaller the unit, the power greater than one.But what is the meaning of probabilistic expressions and ?It is known that the probability of simultaneous elementary events is expressed as the product of the probabilities of elementary events.Then, to a molecules A and were in the same place in contact with each other, and need a time to multiply the probability of presence in this place molecules of substance A: This event in P A / = times less likely than detection in any point of only one molecule of A.
The same applies to the molecules of the substance of В: The values obtained cannot be called mole fractions, they are purely probabilistic, which stresses the primary probabilistic meaning of the concept mole fraction.
Following the logic of probability, and the product should be interpreted as the probability of a joint presence а of molecules A and в of molecules B in the reaction volume anywhere.This value reflects the possibility that the concentration of the reacting molecules in accordance with the stoichiometry of the reaction (1) as a prerequisite for the further development of events, so this value can be defined as a concentration factor, with an possibility of expressing in this way any other reactions: In this case the rate of reaction (3) takes a more universal expression: V=k (7) In turn, the constant speed according to the theory of collisions [9] disclosed as k=pZ 0 / (8) where p -steric (space -orientation) factor; Z 0 -collision frequency; E -effective activation energy collisions; R -gas constant; Т -absolute temperature.
It is noted that the steric factor is always less than unity, as it represents the ratio of the mutual orientation of the molecules favorable to the total number of orientations.Thus it makes sense to the probability of mutually successful orientations of molecules and can be considered as a probabilistic steric factor p=P st .
But the exponent / is also mathematically probability between 0 and 1, in the physical sense meaning the probability of overcoming the energy barrier for the conversion of the initial materials into products.This allows to define this as the exponential activation factor At last, the frequency of impacts of Z 0 sets rate of all probabilistic events which generally has dimension s -1 , carried to this or that reactionary volume, and can be designated as Z.
Thus, the equation of the direct reaction rate in the most generalized probabilistic terms can be written as It is entirely appropriate all probability factors include both the product (and not, for example, the sum) because they represent successive elementary events are simultaneous contact of reactant molecules, continue their successful mutual orientation, and finally the destruction of the starting material to be converted into products.According to the theory of probability these events are summarized as the product, which is the probability of the entire sequence.
Apart from the most generalized expression of the rate of conversion of the colliding particles it does not contain any restrictions on the mass of these particles and their physical nature.The main thing that a mixture of such bodies was constantly randomized when probability laws manifest themselves most strongly.For molecules such chaotizator is temperature, but rather the thermal kinetic energy of random motion of molecules.But randomization system of colliding bodies can be achieved in any other way, and it can be most clearly illustrated by the grinding of ore in ball drum mills operating in the waterfall (cataract) mode [10][11][12].

Probabilistic Interpretation of the Velocity of Grinding of Materials
With regard to the ball mill for the collision frequency of each grain can be determined from the angular velocity of rotation of the drum (ω, s -1 ) and its diameter (D, m) based on the so-called movement of the Davis cycle (rising to the top point of rotation and on the circumference drop to the lower point) with the help of the proposed formula (ggravity, m/s 2 ): Chance of joint presence at each point of the reaction volume (P conc ) in any case determined by the product of the volume fractions of the reactants, and with respect to the interaction of balls and grains obtained calculation formula [16,17]

(
) where Р b -the volume fraction of balls in the mixture of ore and water (wet milling); G b -total mass of balls, kg; γ b -density of the material balls, kg/m 3 ; Р g -volume fraction of the ore grains mixed with water and balls; G g -total mass of ore grains, kg; γ g -density of the material grains, kg/m 3 ; G w -total mass of water in mixture (in pulp), kg; γ w -density of water, kg/m 3 ; P j -the proportion of fractions having an average grain size d j in ore material -and only the target variable in the grinding process.Here the water is a kind of "solvent" or diluents concentration of grinding and grinding bodies.
The corresponding expression has also a steric factor.It depends on a ratio of the geometrical sizes of spheres and grains at sphere blow in a layer of the grains covered with a projection (shadow) of a sphere.Thus in direct contact with a sphere there is only the monolayer clamped between surfaces of a shock platform and a sphere at picture 1.
db -diameter of the ball, dj -diameter of the grain, h -arrow segment of a sphere This takes only a fraction of a monolayer of the total area under a "shadow" of the ball, taking into account the "dead zone" (not subject to shocks): (13) where d b and d j -diameters of sphere and grain, m.From this it follows that getting the ball into the grain the less likely the smaller grain size and larger size of the ball, and this explains the first paradox worst grinding small grains of large balls.It is therefore advantageous to add to the large and small balls yet.
But if the ball hit the grain, then the probability of its destruction is the opposite influence of the steric factor, which follows directly from the proposed expression for the activation of factor: Expressing the impact energy through it turned into potential energy mgh ball drop and attributing it to mole the crushed material (to match the dimensions and RT and E mec ), we arrive at a calculation formula where М -weight average molecular weight substances of ore, kg/mol.Minimum activation energy barrier destruction of grain is its melting heat ∆H m , J/ mol, which for the main depleting substances, mainly quartz or quartzite, is a reference value.
According to it, the finer the grain and the larger the ball, the greater the probability of failure when hit the ball into the grain.This is the opposite effect of steric factors and activation is illustrated in picture 2 for typical conditions in industrial grinding mills.fractions (10 -5 -10 -6 m) steric factor becomes decisive in the product Р st Р а , and its proximity to zero (despite the possible one hundred percent destructible from falling into the grain) leads to zeroing Р st Р а works and thus to the most "grindingless" fines, which remained unexplained.As a result of the disclosure of all probability factors in equation ( 1) it is possible to direct the expression rate of decrease in the proportion of the grain P j size of each d j on these factors, the duration of the process (τ, s): In this formula, time varying quantity is only P j , so all other parameters can be combined as a constant speed grinding monofraction P j : and then ( 16) takes the form To consider not only a fraction decrease from destruction, but also its replenishment due to receipt of splinters from destruction of the previous fraction, it is required to assimilate, so, and to generalize, process of crushing of grains with kinetics of inreversible consecutive chemical reactions for unlimited number of stages: ...

Accounting Loss and Accumulation of Fractions in Sequential Destruction of Grain Material
For crushing this sequence of interaction of grains (G) and spheres (B) can be expressed as: The kinetics of chemical reactions of type (19) is in detail considered and formalized in work [13].However in it the decision was directed first of all on definition of unknown constants of speeds of chemical reactions.In our case of a constant of speed of crushing pay off on a formula (17), and it is required to find a way out of fractions in each time point.For this purpose system of the differential equations considering an expense and accumulation of each fraction, was solved by a method of direct integration with use of integrating multipliers therefore the formula (it is received is probabilistic mathematical model) for an exit n-th fractions taking into account influence on it all previous fractions at any moment [10,14]: where P 0j -initial contents of j fraction.
The calculation of this formula for typical operating conditions of an industrial ball mill gives the following picture of distribution of fractions in logarithmic coordinates (pic.3).Here also visible during the appearance of double peaks and the area clear logarithmic normal distribution fractions.N. K. Razumovsky paid attention to the last feature in article published still in 1940 in Reports of Academy of Sciences of the USSR on representation of the academician of A. E. Fersman of [15] and devoted to the analysis of nature of distribution of contents of metals in ore fields for the first time.The conclusions of the author states that the "lognormal, apparently, in the nature of a lot more common than hitherto known.So, it is subject to the distribution of suspended particles in the water, in the air, rock particles from crushing in the chemical deposition ... the presence of this law in the distribution of sediment particles allows to suspect its role in molecular physics.All this makes us look closely at this law ".
Almost immediately responded to this article creator of the theory of probability academician A.N. Kolmogorov [16].He gave strict probabilistic justification for this law for the case when the rate of fragmentation is independent of particle size, and concludes the paper the following forecast: "It would be interesting to study the mathematical scheme in which the rate of fragmentation of particles decreases (or increases) with the decrease in their size.Naturally in this case to consider primarily the cases in which the speed is proportional to crushing to varying degrees of particle size.
If this degree is other than zero, apparently, logarithmic normal law will be already inapplicable".
But, in a some contradiction with A.N. Kolmogorov's forecast, this law is observed at obvious influence of the size of grains on the constant of the speed recorded by the equation (17), and that the most important -corresponds to numerous practical data.It testifies about objective and more the general character of the developed probabilistic model of crushing and possibility of its use for management of technological process on the basis of expeditious monitoring of all parameters entering a constant of speed, calculation of an exit of target fractions, comparison to their actual distribution and implementation of operating influence by adjustment of controlling parameters.
Equally important discovery proved the relationship between the desire for logarithmic normal distribution fractions and decreasing entropy fractional composition, indicating that the self-organization process of grinding and classification systems to the behavior of its highest complexity [17][18][19][20].With this and the associated long absence of an adequate theory of this process.

Сonclusion
In the middle of the XIX century the famous German chemist Lothar Meyer in one of his works suggested that "chemical phenomena should be studied as if they were problems of mechanics" [21].Judging by the results, the converse is also true: some patterns mechanical interactions can be studied as if they were a branch of chemistry.But correctly to consider their both collectively, recognizing in them action of the system-wide of laws, which subordinate to the theory of probability.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.On the calculation of the steric factor.Shaded grain in the fracture zone, not hatched -in a " dead" zone.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. The dependence of activation and steric factors and their combined effects on the grain sizeBased on these data, the highest yield of grain destroyed under the combined action of the Р ст and Р а does not exceed a value of about 0, 1 (∼ 10%), and this explains the low energy efficiency of the process.At the same time, the fine

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Dependence of fractional structure (Рj, sh.un.) on frequency rate of destruction of grain j and its size dj at increase in duration of process from 60 (1) to 3600 s (2) with according to model (22).