Uneven Distribution of Higher Education Attained in Haryana (A Geographical View)

: Education of all people is very important in order to upgrade a nation's human resources for the best possible utilisation of their full potential throughout life. The process of effective teaching, learning, and skill development equips them for fulfilling lives. Even if it is not a "basic right" of the individual, government and society still value higher education for the population's prosperity and well-being. The government has developed a multitude of plans, laws, and programmes over time to make access to education easier. The action plan includes gender sensitization to reduce the gender gap in educational achievement and to narrow the rural-urban divide over time. This was done with the assistance of governmental, private, and joint venture entities (Public Private together). The inequalities between rural and urban areas and gender inequality in educational attainment, however, are almost ubiquitous. The focus of the current study is higher education. Based on data from the 2011 Indian Census, it is a micro level analysis. In order to analyse the distribution of men and women with higher education throughout all districts in Haryana, both urban and rural, maps are created using the Q. GIS software. The maps reveal a significant disparity between the male and female populations as well as between rural and urban areas.


Introduction
In 1940, at the time of higher gender specialisation, there was a negative relationship between education and marriage for women.College-educated women were least likely to be married that time.Transformation occurred and by 2000, it nearly reversed [1].
The gap between rural and urban areas' access to higher education possibilities is currently predominantly going toward continual narrowing; nonetheless, this gap is still highly noticeable and is particularly pronounced when it comes to opportunities to enrol in the best colleges.[6].
Countries with significant private investment in higher education and little government support for students typically enjoy the greatest growth since governments can then afford to fund additional places.However, the opportunity for opportunity equalisation from this expansion in these systems is constrained due to financial barriers preventing access to less advantaged groups [8].
Higher education has been fostered thanks to the establishment of higher education institutions and access for underprivileged social groups.However, there are still geographical disparities in access to higher education in India [9].The local educational attainment is impacted by the existence of a college.We use historical "runner-up" locations that were strongly considered for college sites but were eventually rejected as counterfactuals for the current college locations.We discover that winning counties today have college degree attainment rates 56% higher than runnerup counties and greater employment in the private sector in sectors that need a lot of human capital.Recent in-migration of educated persons is not the main cause of these effects, and alternative public initiatives did not have a similar impact on local educational attainment.The findings show that colleges have a significant impact on long-term local outcomes.[10].
One of the document defining Higher Education attainment [7].

Geographical Location and Background
Haryana, which is in the northwestern region of India, spans a latitudinal range of 27°39'N to 30°55'N and a longitudinal range of 74°27'E to 77°36.5'E.It is one of India's smaller states, covering a total area of 44,212 sq.km.The Yamuna River serves as the natural border between Uttara Khand and Uttar Pradesh on the eastern side and Haryana on the western side.On the northern side, it is located at the base of the Shivalik hills in the Himalaya.South of you are the Aravalli Hills.Western border of the Thar desert.
As administrative borders, Punjab is surrounded on the northwestern side by Himachal Pradesh.Rajasthan is located in the west and south.Delhi, the national capital, and Haryana share a border in the south.Haryana  23,258 km Road length, 4047.80 route in kms [3].

Need of the Study
Since higher education is not a required part of the curriculum like primary and elementary school, it is crucial to understand how many people in Haryana have obtained some level of higher education.It is crucial to understand what percentage of the population believes in the necessity, value, and usefulness of higher education.They could comprehend that having more schooling would classify them as higher order human capital.It (Berna, 2011) would assist them in obtaining higher-level positions with greater compensation packages as it would be a requirement for those employment prospects.Their career performance would likewise be impacted.As a result, even though they were voluntary, they led to greater education levels.
Level of educational attainment is a crucial criterion for measuring social development, according to Asha A. Bhende and Tara Kanetkar.It is reflected in the demographic behaviour of the population, including marriage, fertility, death, migration, and employment.Numerous studies have found a definite inverse correlation between women's educational attainment and fertility.However, a correlation between educational level and marriage age has also been proven to be beneficial [2].
In her article, Jayshree (2003), who examined the effects of female education, notes that women with higher levels of education, money, and renowned occupations tend to live longer.According to a widely held belief, senior citizen women in the future will be well educated, experienced, and exposed to the outside world.They will also have lived in cities, be financially independent, have strong financial standing, etc.Therefore, even if they become widows, their greater longevity won't pose many problems.It is a complete myth that women with all of the aforementioned characteristics come from the middle class and have a small family, which leads to a low number of adult children.As a result, their few carers abandon them as they age.Although they may not have serious financial issues, they do have to deal with normal ageing illnesses and disabilities as well as loneliness, frustration, helplessness, emotional stability, and uncertainty.in 2003 [5].

Research Questions
How is the population of Haryana district wise geographically distributed in terms of percentage of higher education attainment?How is the district wise higher education attained male and female populations distributed, in terms of percentages?How district-wise higher education attained population percentage varies across the state in rural and urban areas among males and females?

Data Base
The analysis is based on the district and state levels secondary data from the Census of India and the Registrar General of India.

Methodology
This study has employed both quantitative and qualitative social science research approaches.Choropleth maps with percentage-based data for higher education obtained population in the age range of 25-34 have been created using GIS technology for all districts in Haryana.In addition, maps for men and women have been generated separately for spatial analysis, in addition to the total, rural, and urban areas.
A number of issues in the realm of higher education can be examined via the important but underutilized lens of geography.There are instances of how geographic analysis is used in situations related to higher education, with the aim of inspiring researchers to develop, extend, and critique how geography may be more beneficial to the discipline.It teaches readers to a variety of methods for undertaking geospatial analysis, such as descriptive maps, geo statistics, and distance elasticity, through examples and pictures.It also emphasises the value of location in developing theories of college choice and designing quasi-experimental investigations.Various georeferenced data sources can be combined with current datasets on higher education to more systematically incorporate geography into that research.[11].

Analysis for Inter-District Variations Among Higher Education Attained
There is wide range of variations from one percent to 46 percent in district wise higher education attained population in Haryana.Variations are found in rural, urban, male female young adults between 25 to 34 years of age group.In urban areas, 16 -46 percent population is higher education attained whereas in rural areas, the percentage of higher education attained population is 1-24 percent.Higher percentage 16-24 is only in Rewari and Mahendergarh districts of Haryana in case of rural males.In all the districts, rural females have less than 16 percent higher education attained population.Only 7 districts out of 21 namely Mahendergarh Rewari, Jhajjar, Rohtak, Panchkula, Yamuna Nagar and Kurukshetra have 16 percent higher education attained.Remaining 14 districts have less than 9 percent higher education attained females in rural areas.
Two districts, Kurukshetra and Rohtak have higher percentage due to the establishment of state universities.Panchkula and Gurugram have highest percent as Gurugram have easy accessibility to universities of National capital i.e., New Delhi.Panchkula has accessibility to State capital 's university i.e., Panjab University at Chandigarh, Kurukshetra University and Patiala University in Panjab.Alarmingly, low percent is found in Nuh which is adjacent to Gurugram showing high percentage of higher education attained.It is worth noticing that Nuh has highest population in the state.

Findings and Discussion
1) Though Gurugram and Nuh are adjacent districts but still Nuh has lowest 13 percent in urban and 2.6 percent in rural whereas urban Gurugram has high percentage of educational attainment (42 percent) and rural Gurugram (10.7 percent).Hence, there is wide gap in rural and urban higher educational attainment.2) Urban Gurugram and Panchkula has high percent (above 39 percent) irrespective of sex. 3) That more than 13 percent of population has attained higher education in urban area of each and every district in Haryana in 25-34 years' age group 1. Urban areas of Nuh district have 13 percent while rural Nuh has 2.6 percent.While examining whether educational disparities have decreased over time, Desai and Kulkarni found the likelihood of dalits, adivasis, and other groups finishing primary education are decreasing.Muslims, a minority population that does not receive benefits from affirmative action, notice little improvement at college level.[13].It is a new trend that in 12 districts of Haryana namely, Panchkula, Gurgaon, Kurukshetra, Rohtak, Ambala, Karnal, Sonipat, Yamunanagar, Hisar, Sirsa, Fatehabad and Panipat females have higher percentage of higher educational attainment.Though it is marginal but earlier trend has reversed.But in rural areas, in all the districts females have lower percentage.In attaining graduate degree rural students lag behind urban students due to their lower socio economic background.[12].
Panipat though on G. T. Road and within 150 km from Rohtak yet it has nearly 20 percent higher educational attainment for both male and female; and in rural areas it is less than 12 percent.
Except Nuh, almost entire rural Haryana males have achieved at least 9 percent higher educational attainment.Whereas except in seven districts namely, Mahendergarh, Rewari, Jhajjar, Rohtak, Panchkula, Ambala, Kurukshetra where they have attained 9-16 percent all females have less than 9 percent higher educational attainment.
Urban Panchkula and Gurugram have more than 39 percent higher education attainment followed by Rohtak and Kurukshetra who lie in the category of 24-31percent.
It is interesting to note Sonipat, Jhajjar, Gurgaon, and Faridabad all are surrounding districts of National capital Delhi but only Gurgaon has highest higher educational attainment.All other are in the category of 27-31 percent in urban areas and 9-16 percent in rural areas.Palwal adjacent to Nuh has low higher educational attainment.
Haryana has one belt of low rural higher educational attainment in the Northwest Sirsa, Fatehabad, Jind and Kaithal and another in the south Nuh and Palwal.
There are intra-state differences in the provision of General Higher Educational facilities as well as in terms of GER because some districts exhibited superior performance and some lag fairly behind, despite great improvement on many fronts.Hence, before formulating a policy, educational policymakers should take notice of the current situation.The average performance of the State will undoubtedly improve with special attention paid to the lagging areas.[14].
There has been history of inadequate educational facilities in Haryana [15].

Conclusion
Haryana has a wide range of inter-district variances in terms of the overall population with higher education, the population of the rural and urban areas, and the population of both men and women.Panchkula, Gurgaon districts have nearly 40 percent population as higher education attained in urban areas in 25-34 years' age-group.Nuh district is most backward district in terms of higher educational attainment.In urban areas of 12 districts of Haryana namely, Panchkula, Gurgaon, Kurukshetra, Rohtak, Ambala, Karnal, Sonipat, Yamunanagar, Hisar, Sirsa, Fatehabad and Panipat females have higher percentage of higher educational attainment.Panipat though on G. T road yet has low percentage of higher educational attainment in rural as well as urban areas among males and females.
Incentives, schemes are mostly uniformly given for throughout the state for higher education but accessibility to higher education teaching learning and training varies.So, accessibility needs to be improved which may be by improving transport facilities or opening more and more institutions to improve institution and beneficiary facility.

Significance and Importance of the Study
Since the current study is a micro level examination of just one state, it can be used to compare that state to others across the nation.Additionally, this is a study for locating areas of both genders, rural and urban, and combined, with lower and better educational attainment.It is processed and analyzed using information from the 2011 Census about young adults (ages 25 to 34) who have completed a higher education.This group searches for employment.Government also considers the population's distribution of educational attainment levels.As a result, demographic planning could use it.

Limitation of the Study
As age-group data for the rural and urban categories of the Census 2021 was not available for research, secondary data from the 2011 Census is used as the basis for analysis.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Percentage of Educational Attainment in various Districts of Haryana in the Age Group of 25-34 years in 2011.

Table 1 .
Percentage of Educational Attainment in various Districts of Haryana in the Age Group of 25-34 years in 2011.