Impact of Personal Resource Inventory on Psychological Well-Being and Depression in Pakistani Sample

: The objective of the study was to find out the impact of Personal Resource variable on psychological well-being and depression in Pakistani population. Study design was cross-sectional research design, survey method. The study was conducted in privately registered, semi-government and government institutions of Rawalpindi and Federal Capital Territory during the year 2016-2018. Data was collected using purposive random sampling from 200 employees working in private, semi-government and government organizations. 55.5% were males and 44.5% were females; Mean age = 26.81 (SD = 5.7); Mean job experience was M = 4.5; SD = 5.49; highest qualification was 35 % Masters among Matric, Inter, Graduation, M.Phil and PhD. Results of the study showed that regression analysis showed that Personal Resource variable accounts for 21% of variance in psychological wellbeing and 27% of variance in depression. The alpha coefficient reliability for the newly constructed four factors of self-efficacy, resilience, hope and optimism based questionnaire, was found to be α = 0.86 and split half reliability coefficient was .74 and .79 on Pakistani sample which was sufficiently adequate. Hence our objective of the study which was to find out the impact of Personal Resource variable on mental health and depression within Pakistani culture was thus established.


Introduction
World Health Organization (WHO) defines health as, "A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease" [16]. The term "personal resources" is used for those personality strengths [8]. which have positive dimensionality as their unique feature. Many researches have been conducted in the west to describe the positive features of such personal resource model. Luthans, Youssef, and Avolio operationally defined personal resource through virtues (individual strengths) of hope, resilience, optimism and self-efficacy [5,6]. Study results of Fredrickson, Cohn, Coffey, Pek, and Finkel that positive emotions over a period of time increases personal resources of increased mindfulness, purpose in life, social support, life satisfaction and decreases depressive symptoms [4]. The study results state that positive emotions build personal resource repertoire over a period of time and thus increases individual adaptiveness to adversities whereas contrary to this negative affect i.e neuroticism leads to harmful [13] Various researches qualify the four psychological constructs namely hope, self-efficacy, optimism and resilience as personal resource [7] by demonstrating positive correlation with capability for success [3,10]; enhanced positive mental health [5,9,12] good organizational fit [14] and negative correlation with depression [9,11,13].
This study conducted in Pakistan will extend the mental health theory under the domain of positive psychology as positive psychological traits are still to be looked for in Pakistani context. Moreover, Pakistan has also been in fight against terrorism with the advent of 21 st century and the coming generation has seen an edgy time with respect to healthy psychological maneuvers of joy and happiness. It is here where the interplay of positive and negative dispositional character traits creates difference between fully functioning and non-fully functioning individuals of the society. A sound indigenous measure for gauging positive individual traits is therefore needed in order to focus on something more positive rather than negative. Hence the main objective is to overcome the limitation of the manual of psychologist i.e. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual which states only the disorders of psychological nature but seems lacking in its prospect of those positive individual traits that must be buffering against these disorders among robust people?

Participants
Sample of N = 200 employees from private, government and semi-government organizations. 55.5% were males and 44.5 % were females; Mean age = 26.81 (SD = 5.7); Mean job experience was M = 4.5; SD = 5.49; highest qualification was 35 % Masters among Matric, Inter, Graduation, M.Phil and PhD was gathered using simple random sampling.
Ethical Considerations. Ethical issues were besides taken into attention, by abiding by to the ethical principles specified by the Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct (2002) [20]. It includes guaranteeing that participation was voluntary and that privacy was retained.

Hypotheses
Following were the hypotheses: 1) There will be a positive correlation between Personal Resource Inventory (PRI) and Warwick Edinburg Mental Well-Being Scale (WEMWBS) in the given sample. 2) There will be a negative correlation between Personal Resource Inventory (PRI) and Depression Subscale of DASS in the given sample.  Table 1 shows the results for convergent validity yielding significant positive correlation of (r(200) = .46**, p < .01) between Warwick Edinburg Mental Wellbeing Scale measuring positive psychological wellbeing and Personal Resource comprising of resilience, confidence, determination, self-regulation, self-control and persistence. Results for divergent validity yielded significant negative correlation (r (200) = -.52**, p < .01) between Depression subscale of DASS measuring depression symptoms and Personal Resource. Tables 2 and  3 shows Linear Regression analysis using PRI as predictor variable for Warwick Edinburgh Mental Well Being Scale and Depression scale showed that Personal Resource Inventory (PRI) was a highly significant predictor of the relationship between the variables, accounting for 21% of the variance in Positive Psychological Well-Being (β = 52.64, p < .001) and 27% of the variance in Depression (β = .74.27, p < .000).

Discussion
A correlational analysis of indigenized Personal Resource Inventory with Warwick Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale shows a significant Positive and with Depression Scale a significant negative correlation coefficient. Warwick Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale is a reliable and valid measure of mental wellbeing whereas, Depression subscale of Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS) is a reliable and valid measure of Depression in Pakistani population [1]. Hence, from the study results it can be concluded that Personal Resource which is entirely based on state like personality dimensions of resilience, confidence, determination, self-regulation, self-control and persistence significantly relates to mental well-being and depression. Similar results affirm that the self-efficacy variable components of Personal Resource may serve as a protective factor against depression as shown in a study by Rehman and Tabassum which reports inverse correlation of -.35 between self-efficacy and emotional, cognitive and somatic symptoms of depression [17].. There is substantial need for determining the proactive protective natured factor pertaining to human personality which could demonstrate the potential to improve mental health condition in Pakistani population. As the study results by Haq, Riaz, Naseem, Tahir and Ahmed for determining the mental health profile of students related to the field of medical Quetta, Pakistan showed that 58.3% had poor mental health [18]. The researchers prompted the need to identify the factors which have the potential to improve mental health of the medical students and organize programs based on those factors of personality strengths. Furthermore, the importance is also evident from the study results of Sarwat Jahan Khanam and Syeda Razia Bukhari such that depression negatively relates to academic performance [19].

Limitations of the Study
Large sample size may be used to compute further analysis in order to establish norms, concurrent validity and reliability of the scale. Data is collected with the help of self-rated scales however, these ratings may be cross validated with the ratings of workplace performance criteria.

Recommendations
Hence it was concluded that Personal Resource Inventory is a valid and reliable research questionnaire in Pakistani culture. Its' usefulness in determined for intervention programs especially designed to enhance mental health and reduce depression / stress for the sake of healthy personality.

Conclusion
Personal Resource Inventory usefulness in determined for intervention programs especially designed to enhance mental health and reduce depression / stress. Future researches need to provide evidence that support the results suggesting that by strengthening the positive personality traits a proactive, preemptive and curative support to individuals is provided. By employing intervention programs the researcher could drive the factor into action and make use of the variable for individual at structural level.